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MLSCI 466 > Drug Testing in the Workplace > Flashcards

Drug Testing in the Workplace Flashcards

1
Q

regulated drug testing

A

mandatory drug testing for certain types of workers
- strict rules/guidelines
- list of drugs that can be tested for; all of them need to be included
- only accredited labs can perform testing
- SAMSHA = substance abuse and mental health substance abuse of USA
- HHS = health and human services
- DOT = department of transportation
MRO = medical review officer

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2
Q

non-regulated drugu tetsing

A

not mandatory (employer may say mandatory but not mandatory under any laws or government regulations)
- no rules
- any drugs
- not accredited
- MRO not required

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3
Q

specimens for workplace drug testing

A

urine oral fluid or breath
non -regulated sometimes hair

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4
Q

arguments for drug testing in the workplace

A

job safety
absenteeism
quality/quantity of production
increased health costs
increased liability costs
unlawful activity - don’t want ppl selling drugs at workplace
govt regulations

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5
Q

arguments against screening

A
  • opposition to US enforcement and rules
  • union opposition
  • legal concerns + complications
  • does not measure performance
  • opponents question extent of problem
  • opponents prefer education
  • opponents question accuracy
  • what employees do off worksite not employer’s concern
  • marijuana and cocaine = safe
  • marijuana = legal
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6
Q

industries using screening

A

transportation
petroleum
mining
pulp and paper
other industrial operations with transportation
financial, commercial, security, sports, service, etc….

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7
Q

pharmacokinetic considerations

A

ADME
urine variables
limitations : dose, time, effect

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8
Q

DOT mandatory tests

A

amphetamines
cannabinoids
cocaine metabolite
opioids
phencyclidine (PCP)
ethanol

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9
Q

drugs included in non-regulates testing

A

benzos
barbiturates
methadone
methaqualone
propoxyphene
LSD
other drugs

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10
Q

amphetamines elimination time

A

1-2 d

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11
Q

cannabinoids elimination time

A

1-30

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12
Q

cocaine metabolite elimination time

A

12-48 hrs

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13
Q

opioids elimination time

A

1-3 d

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14
Q

PCP elimination time

A

1-30 d
biphasic like cannabinoids

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15
Q

ethanol elimination time

A

up to 14 hrs

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16
Q

barbiturates eliminiation time

A

1d- 3 wks

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17
Q

benzos elimination time

A

1dd to 6 wks

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18
Q

methadone elimination time

A

1-3 d

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19
Q

methaqualone elim time

A

1-7d

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20
Q

propoxyphene elim time

A

1-3 d

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21
Q

types of testing

A

pre-employment
random
reasonable suspicion/cause
post accident
return to duty
follow-up

22
Q

PCP

A

phencyclidine
- angel dust, peace pills, hogs, elephant tranq, etc.

appearance: crystal, powder, liquid, tablet

class: hallucinogen

dose: ingested, smoked, injected, snorted

23
Q

effect of PCP and its prevalence in Canada

A

unpredictable and variable effect

rapid thought and action

euphoria to depression

hallucinations, irrational, violent behaviou

increased sensory perception

rarely seen in Western Canada; DANGEROUS!

24
Q

Amphetamines

A

speed, bennies, black beauties, copilot, doxies, crystal meth, etc.

appearance: varied pills, powders, solutions

class: CNS stimulant

dose: ingested, injected, snorted or smoked

25
Q

effects of amphetamines

A

euphoria, mood elevation, increased alertness and energy

increased HR, BP, tremor, anxiety, sweating

hyper irritability
restlessness, bizarre behaviour, weight loss, paranoia

chest pain, psychosis, brain damage, cardiac arrest, etc.

26
Q

“Rush & Crash”

A

meth

27
Q

opioids

A

codeine, morphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, heroin, dust, horse, junk, etc.

appearance: white/brown powder, tablets, tonics

class: narcotic analgesic, CNS depressant

dose: ingested, injected, sniffed or smoked

28
Q

effects of opioids

A

skin flushing “rush”, euphoria “nod”, diminished sensory perception, lethargy, confusion

resp depression => death

physical dependence quick! withdrawal = nausea, diarrhea, insomnia, chills, tremors, weakness

IV users = AIDS, hepatitis

29
Q

cananbinoids

A

dope, grass, weed, smoke, po, hash, Reefer, Mary Jane, etc.

appearance: green/brown dried leaf, light to dark, resin/past or oil

class: psychoactive; possible appetite stimulant, anti-nausea, epilepsy, neuromuscular

dose: smoked or ingested

30
Q

effects of cannabinoids

A

euphoria, passivity, relaxation, drowsiness, increased auditory/visual perceptions, disinhibition, sensory distortion

impaired short-term memory, diminished learning, attention lapses, disorientation, delirium, depersonalization, hyperemesis syndrome

bloodshot eyes, increased HR; alc amplifies effects

31
Q

this has possible links to psychiatric disorders, dependence, and carcinogen

A

cannabinoids

32
Q

T or F. There is no cross rxn with synthetics in conventional cannabinoid assays

A

T

33
Q

T or F. Synthetic cannabinoids are toxic

A

T

34
Q

cocain

A

coke, nose candy, snow, toot, blow, crack

appearance: white crystalline powder or transparent crystals

class: CNS stimulant, local anesthetic, vasoconstrictor

dose: injected, smoked, absorbed via mucus membranes

35
Q

cocaine effects

A

sweating, rapid shallow breathing, increased HR and BP, elevated temp, euphoria

tremors, twitching, chest pain, nausea, seizures. resp depression, cardiac arrhythmias, death

weight loss, constipation, septal necrosis, etc.

36
Q

This drug has a strong psychological dependence, can be mixed with other drugs and produce sudden death

A

cocaine

37
Q

ethanol, ethyl alcohol

A

CNS depressant

effect: drowsiness, dizziness, flushing, slurred speech, staggering, dbl vision, stupor,; OD = resp failure

withdrawal = headache, stiff muscles, weakness, tremors, hallucinations, rarely death

38
Q

most abused drug and increases effects of other drugs

A

alcohol

39
Q

T or F. Drug testing is a measure of impairment

A

F! Drug testing not a measure of impairment but ac=lcohol testing is

40
Q

collection protocol for drug testing

A
  • ID donor
  • explain procedure
  • ID specimen
  • split sample specimen collection
  • complete chain of custody form
  • seal specimen
  • transport to lab
41
Q

elements of chain of custody

A
  • ID specimen
  • acknowledgement of testing
  • ID of collector
  • security of specimen
  • individual(s) performing test

certifies that the result for that specimen from individual and has not been tampered with

42
Q

drug testing procedure

A

specimen log-in
chain of custody verification
pH, creatinine/SG check
prelim testing by IITF (immunoassay)
verify ALL pos with GC/MS, LC/MS or GC (ethanol) (alt confirmation methods)

43
Q

GC/MS for drug testing

A

confirmation test
extraction of drug
clean up/ concentration / derivatization
chromatography
detection

44
Q

alternate confirmation methods besides GC/MS

A

LC/MS
LC/MS/MS
LC/TOF
GC/MS/MS
GC/TOF
other

45
Q

this is the traditional, accepted confirmation method

A

GC/MS
- large spectral database
- SAMHSA slow to change

46
Q

other confirmation methods characteristics

A

GC/MS/MS, LC/MS, LC/MS/MS, ToF, etc.
- increased sensitivity
- increased spectrum of drugs
- increased efficiencies (sample prep, multi-drug analysis)
- improvements in data analysis

47
Q

analytical consideations of specimen prior to reporting

A

specimen adulteration
specimen types
non-lab testing
MRO
breath alc testing

48
Q

types of adulteration methods

A

internal dil
external dilution
substitution
contamination
tampering

49
Q

specimen adulteration testing

A

collection site protocol
sample tmep
creatinine/SG
pH
oxidizing adulterants
odor/colour/particulates
screening/confirm interference

50
Q

acceptable SAMHSA sample type

A

urne

51
Q

what is an MRO

A

medical review officer
- licensed doctor of medicine/osteopathy
- knowledge of drug abuse disorders
- certified training program with re-training
- receives all results
- contacts all positive donors
- determines reportable positives
- rpeorts results to company

MLSCI 466 (19 decks)

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