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OFF & VIC > Drug related crime > Flashcards

Drug related crime Flashcards

1
Q

Bennett 3 fold definition:

A
  1. Drug offences (consumption, possession & supply)
  2. Drug related crime (theft to fund habit, gang warfare)
  3. Drug trafficking (systemic - crimes indirectly caused by drug use)
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2
Q

substance use has strong links to committing crime…

A

Blair (2001): most crime is committed by a set of persistent offenders, half of which are under 21 and 2/3 use drugs

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3
Q

what is the estimated annual cost of drug related offending? (mainly acquisitive crime)

A

£13.9 billion annually in the UK * BIG guesstimate*

how do they know that people steal to fund habits?!

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4
Q

CSEW 2012/13: how many adults have taken an illegal drug in their lifetime?

A

1 in 3 (approx. 12 million)

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5
Q

CSEW 2012/13: how many adults have taken an illegal substance in the last year?

A

8.9%
Cannabis: 2.3 million
Cocaine: 0.7 million
Ecstasy: 0.5 million

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6
Q

most drug users are aged…

A

between 16 and 18

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7
Q

sentences for possession and dealing vary greatly between classes, for possession:

A

Class A: up to 7 years in prison, unlimited fine or both
Class B: up to 5 years in prison, unlimited fine or both
Class C: up to 2 years in prison, unlimited fine or both
REALISTICALLY LOT MORE LENIENT SENTENCES

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8
Q

sentences for possession and dealing vary greatly between classes, for dealing:

A

Class A: up to life in prison, unlimited fine or both

Class B&C: up to 14 years in prison, unlimited fine or both

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9
Q

the Misuse of Drugs Act (1971) was supposed to class…

A

the drugs according to the harms they cause but it didn’t! changes in line with populist beliefs & moral panics

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10
Q

policymakers struggle to keep abreast of the production of new ‘legal’ highs eg. mcat

A

this is because a slight change in the chemical composition and it is no longer illegal

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11
Q

the most dangerous drugs are by far…

A

alcohol and tobacco cause more deaths than any other drug

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12
Q

what percentage of crime involved alcohol consumption>

A

50%

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13
Q

Stevens (2006) argued that estimates for drug-related crime have varied from…

A

20-70% - difficult to ascertain if drug use or criminal behaviour came first…

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14
Q

despite media and politicians views, we can never say…

A

that drugs cause crime to happen! we can only say there is an association between them

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15
Q

what percentage of homeless people aged 16-25 have taken illegal drugs? (Wincup et al, 2003)

A

95%

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16
Q

what percentage of young offenders had tried multiple drugs? (Hammersley et al, 2003)

A

85%

17
Q

what percentage of sex workers use drugs?

A

81% have problematic drug use

18
Q

French et al (2000) measured chronic users with crime

A

19% of male chronic users had committed property crime

19
Q

Holloway and Bennett (2004) examined 11,000 detainees

A

69% tested positive for 1 or more substances

36% testes positive for 2 or more substances

20
Q

what are common underlying factors of drug use?

A

poverty, unemployment, social exclusion and ‘nothing better to do’

21
Q

Do all drug users commit crime to fund their habit?

A

FALSE. Most people who use illegal drugs (the majority are non-problematic users) do not commit crimes to get money to pay for the drugs.

22
Q

Hague Convention 1912

A

was the first to address the health issues associated with drug use (mainly opium and cocaine)

23
Q

International Opium Convention 1925

A

Egyptian speaker produced exaggerated evidence that hashish caused psychosis, marijuana was illegalised

24
Q

1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs

A

100 countries involved, all drug-related activities (possession, production, supply) were criminalised

25
Q

Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 UK

A

introduced classes A, B and C (experts ‘graded’ the substances according to their potential harm)

26
Q

International responses to drug offences…

A

**United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)
Europol/Interpol

27
Q

Each country has a primary anti-drugs agency?

A

TRUE. UK has National Crime Agency, USA has DEA

28
Q

97% of drug seizures are done by…

A

local police forces, but the amounts are small

29
Q

2-3% of drug seizures are done by…

A

border patrols, who seize hundreds of kilos at a time

30
Q

which is the largest drug market in the world?

A

CANNABIS! grown mostly in Africa (25%) and North and South America (23%) but hashish is mostly Afghanistan, Morocco, Lebanon…

31
Q

In 2004, cannabis moved from class C to class B and…

A

huge rise in the number of seizures of plants

32
Q

challenges in responding to drug offences

A 
widespread scale of activities, law enforcement is ineffective as they do not have the resources to stop flow of drugs into the country - TRANSNATIONAL BUSINESS
and diversification (silk road)
33
Q

Pudney et al (2006) say that police only disrupt between…

A

4-25% (at best!) of supply

34
Q

3 reasons there is such a dark figure with drug crime…

A

under-reporting (no problem, no report) methodological probs of investigating (most drug use is private) and high levels of consumption from various types of people

35
Q

Dutch police estimate that …% of cannabis cultivated in Holland is destined for other countries

A

90

36
Q

BCS 2010/11 found that cannabis is the most common drug used in the UK

A

estimated 2.3 million people using it

37
Q

it is not a victimless crime!

A

people that die from dodgy drugs, families of substance abusers (domestic violence) and child workers or illegal immigrants exploited in drug farms

38
Q

Interpol (2007) argued that drugs were bad because they are…

A

a means to finance the most violent and destructive of criminal and terrorist organisations”

OFF & VIC (6 decks)

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