Drug Names Flashcards
1
Q
furosemide
A
lasix (loop)
Ind: HTN, edema, hyperCa
S/E: SULFA, OTOTOXICITY, hypoK, Ca, Mg, hyperglycemia & hyperuricemia (caution DM & gout)
2
Q
mannitol
A
osmotic diuretic
Ind: intracranial HTN
S/E: pulmonary edema
3
Q
acetazolamide
A
diuretic (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) –> NaHC03 diuresis
Ind: glaucoma, intracranial HTN
S/E: SULFA, kidney stones
4
Q
bumetanide
A
bumex (loop) - similar ind/SE as furosemide
5
Q
ethacrynic acid
A
loop diuretic like furosimide but NOT SULFA and can be used w/ gout
6
Q
hydrochlorothiazide
A
thiazide diuretic
Ind: HTN, nephrogenic DI
SE: SULFA, hypoNa, hypoK, hyperCa, hyperuricemia & hyperglycemia (caution DM & gout)
7
Q
chlorthalidone
indapamide
metolazone
chlorothiazide
A
other thiazide diuretics
8
Q
spironolactone & eplerenone
A
potassium-sparing diuretics (weak) - may use w/ loop to minimize K loss
Ind: CHF, hyperaldosterone
SE: hyperK, metabolic acidosis, GYNECOMASTIA (anti-androgen effects)
9
Q
vasopressin
A
- drug version of antidiuretic hormone
- acts on the kidneys and blood vessels
- helps prevent loss of water by reducing urine output and helping kidneys reabsorb water
10
Q
hydralazine / apresoline
minoxidil / loniten
A
peripheral vasodilator - tx HTN
- alternative for CHF if no ACEI
- safe in pregnancy
11
Q
doxazosin / cardura prazosin / minipress alfuzosin / uroxatral silodosin / rapaflo tamsulosin / flomax terazosin / hytrin
A
alpha-blocker (causes BV to dilate)
TX: HTN, BPH
12
Q
amlodipine
A
CCB
13
Q
diltiazem hydrochloride / cardizem
A
CCB
14
Q
nicardipine / cardene
nifedipine / procardia
A
CCB
15
Q
verapamil hydrochloride
A
CCB
16
Q
methyldopa
A
alpha-2 receptor agonist
- works on central nervous system to lower BP
- safe in pregnancy
17
Q
Uloric (febuxostat)
A
treat high uric acid levels in gout (indicated if can’t use allopurinol or not controlled w/ it)
18
Q
fosamax / alendronate
A
bisphosphonate
19
Q
phenazopyridine / pyridium
A
bladder analgesic (turns urine orange) -don't use more than 48hrs --> SE methemoglobinuria, hemolytic uremia
20
Q
sildenafil / viagra
tadalafil / cialis
vardenafil
A
phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors for ED
-tadalafil (Cialis) has 24-74 hr of duration (others 3 hours)
21
Q
midodrine
pseudoephedrine
A
alpha agonists
increase urethral sphincter tone
22
Q
oxybutynin / ditropan
A
anticholinergic (and antispasmodic)
-for urge incontinence (relax detrussor muscles)
23
Q
leuprolide
A
GnRH agonist - used to treat prostate cancer
24
Q
olopatadine / patanol
A
topical antihistamine (H1 blocker) -allergic conjunctivitis
25
pheniramine/naphazoline / naphcon A
antihistamine/decongestant
| -(topical? for allergic conjunctivitis)
26
Biaxin (Clarithromycin), Zithromax (Azithromycin), Dificid (Fidoximycin), and Erythromycin
macrolides
27
alendronate
risedronate
(IV: xoledronic acid, pamidronate)
bisphosphonates
- inhibit osteoclast activity (dec bone resorption/turnover)
- take w/ 8 oz water, 1-2 hrs before meals, ASA, Ca, Mg, antacids
- risk of esophagitis so don't lay down after dose
- SE: nephrotoxicity, thrombocytopenia, atypical femur frx, jaw osteonecrosis
28
pilocarpine
cholinergic, inc lacrimation and salivation (SE diaphoresis, flush, sweat, bradycardia, D/N/V, incontinence, blurred vision)
29
etanercept / enbrel
infliximab / remicade
adalimumab / humira
TNF inhibitors (avoid w/ pat w/ active or chronic infx an patients with MS)
30
hydroxychloroquine / plaquenil
inhibits RF and acute phase reactants, immunosuppress
| -RETINAL TOXICITY (fundo exam q6-12 mo), smoking reduces effects
31
octreotide
somatostatin analog (somatostatin suppresses release of GI hormones and growth hormones in CNS)
- used in management of growth-hormone producing tumors (acromegaly, gigantism), some pituitary tumors as well as flushing/diarrhea assoc w/ carcinoid syndrome and VIP secreting tumors
- also used for BLEEDING ESOPHAGEAL VARICES (dec splanchnic circulation)
32
misoprostol
moa: prostaglandin E1 analog that inc bicarb & mucus secretion, reduces acid production
- good for preventing NSAID-induced ulcers but not for healing ulcers
* also used to keep ductus arteriosus patent
-c/i: premenopausal women bc abortifacent & causes cervical ripening
33
antacids
moa: neutralize acid, prevent conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin
- systemic: calcium carbonate / tums (s/e: acid rebound, milk alkali syndrome)
- nonsystemic:
- milk of magnesia - may cause D
- amphogel / aluminum hydroxide - may cause C
- maalox / Mg + aluminum hydroxide
- mylaanta / Mg + aluminum hydroxide + simethicone
34
bismuth compounds
pepto-bismol and kaopectate
- antibacterial and cytoprotective
- salicylate: anti-secretory & anti-inflam properties
- s/e: darkening of stool/tongue, C
- c/i: children w/ viral illness (salicylate assoc w/ inc risk of Reye syndrome)
- REYE SYND: hepatoencephalopathy assoc w/ ASA/salicylate use after viral illness --> inc ICP (V, stupor, coma, death), hepatomegaly and fulminant liver failure
35
sucralfate / carafate
moa: cytoprotective (viscous adhesive ulcer coat, promote healing, protects)
- s/e: metallic taste, C/N
- d/i: may reduce bioavailability of PPI, H2, FQ when given simultaneously
36
lactulose
hepatic encephalopathy
= decreased liver clearance of accumulated ammonia from protein breakdown
-lactulose is converted by intestinal bacteria into lactic acid, pulling ammonia into gut
-SE diarrhea
37
rifaximin
hepatic encephalopathy
= decreased liver clearance of accumulated ammonia from protein breakdown
-abx that decreases the ammonia-producing flora
(neomycin 2nd line)
38
cholestyramine
bile acid sequestrant that reduces bile salts in skin, leading to less irritation
LIVER-RELATED PRURITUS
39
diphenoxylate/atropine (lomotil)
OPIOID AGONIST moa: binds to gut wall opioid receptors, inhibits peristalsis (subtherapeutic atropine added to discourage opioid OD or misuse)
- SE: CNS, anticholinergic, N/V/abd pain
* OPIATES CAUSE CONSTIPATION, SLOW GI TRACT
USE: NONINVASIVE DIARRHEA (no F, non bloody)
40
loperamide (immodium)
OPIOID AGONIST moa: binds to gut wall opioid receptors, inhibits peristalsis, INC ANAL SPHINCTER TONE
USE: NONINVASIVE DIARRHEA (no F, non bloody)
SE: AVOID PT W/ ACUTE DYSENTERY (bloody stools, high fever) or colitis
41
ONDANSETRON
GRANISETRON
DOLASETRON
ANTIEMETICS (vomiting usually due to an imbalance of serotonin, ACh, dopa, histamine)
moa: blocks serotonin receptors
SE: HA, sedation, bloating, D/C, PROLONGED QT INTERVAL, ARRHYTHMIAS
42
PROCHLORPERAZINE (compazine)
PROMETHAZINE (phenergan)
METOCLOPRAMIDE (reglan)
DOPAMINE BLOCKERS
ANTIEMETICS (vomiting usually due to an imbalance of serotonin, ACh, dopa, histamine)
- SE: QT PROLONGATION, ANTICHOLINERGIC & ANTIHISTAMINE
- EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SX, DYSTONIC RX, PARKINSONISM
43
paromomycin, diloxanide furoate, diiodohydroxyquin
intraluminal antiparasitc agent
| -AMEBIASIS
44
Misoprostol
Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog that replaces the protective prostaglandins consumed with prostaglandin-inhibiting therapies (e.g., NSAIDs).
-uses: NSAID GI ULCER PREVENTION, constipation, CERVICAL RIPENING, ABORTION
BBW: Use of misoprostol during pregnancy may cause abortion, birth defects, or premature birth. Uterine rupture has been reported when used to induce labor after the eighth week of pregnancy. Misoprostol is not to be used to reduce nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medication-induced ulcers in a woman of childbearing potential
45
methimazole or PropylThioUracil (PTU)
tx for HYPERTHYROID (2nd line to radioactive iodine)
moa: inhibit hormone synthesis
SE: AGRANULOCYTOSIS (monitor WBC), HEPATITIS
-methimazole preferred bc less side effects but
PTU PREFERRED IN PREGNANCY (ESP 1ST TRI)
46
cabergoline or bromocriptine
HYPERPROLACTINEMIA
- dopamine agonists
- SE: orthostatic hypotension, dizzy, N, fatigue (cabergoline has less)
47
metformin
BIGUANIDES
- moa: *decreases hepatic glucose production*, increases peripheral glucose utilization
- dec GI glucose absorption, inc insulin sensitivity
- NO EFFECT ON BETA CELLS --> NO HYPOGLYCEMIA, NO WEIGHT GAIN
SE: LACTIC ACIDOSIS (not given if hepatic or renal impaired Cr >1.5 or GFR <45), DIARRHEA (take w/ food), metallic taste, MACROCYTIC ANEMIA (dec B12 absorption)
*should be stopped 24hr before given iodinated contrast and resumed 48h after w/ monitoring of creatinine
48
Glipizide / Glucotrol
| Glimepiride / Amaryl
SULFONYLUREAS
-secreteogogues (stim B cell secretion of insulin)
SE: HYPOGLYCEMIA MC SE - highest risk of non-insulin meds
- WEIGHT GAIN, GI UPSET, cardiac dysrhythmias
- DISULFIRAM REACTION
- sulfa allergy not really a concern (if antimicrobial allergy, risk is minimal bc dif fx groups)
49
Repaglinide / Prandin
| Nateglinide / Starlix
MEGLITINIDES “Glinides”
-stimulates pancreatic beta cell insulin release (secretagogue)
- SE: HYPOGLYCEMIA (less than sulfonylureas), WG
- dosed w/ meals to target post-prandial glucose excursion
50
Acarbose / Precose
| Miglitol / Glyset
alpha-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS
- delays intestinal glucose absorption (inhibits pancreatic alpha-amylase and intestinal a-glucosidase hydrolase)
- doesn't affect insulin secretion
- SE: HEPATITIS (inc LFTs), GI: D/gas/abd pain (caution w/ pt w/ IBD, gastroparesis)
- weight neutral, no hypoglycemia
51
Pioglitazone / Actos
| Rosiglitazone / Avandia
THIAZOLIDINEDIONES
- increase insulin sensitivity @ peripheral receptor site --> adipose & muscle tissues
- no effect on pancreatic beta cells
SE: FLUID RETENTION, EDEMA (NO IF CHF), hepatoxicity, frx, CARDIOVASCULAR TOXICITY W/ AVANDIA (MI)
- INC BLADDER CA RISK W/ PIOGLITAZONE
- no hypoglycemia
- no dose adjustment for CKD/ESRD
52
```
Daily: intense post-prandial effect
-Byetta / Exenatide
-Victoza / Liraglutide
Weekly: post-prandial and fasting effects
-Trulicity / Dulaglutide
-Bydureon / Exenatide
-Albiglutide
-Ozempic / Semaglutide
```
GLP-1 AGONISTS (glucocon-like peptide)
- mimics incretin --> inc insulin secretion; dec glucagon secretion
- injectable incretin agents w/ pharmacologic effects
- glucose-dependent stim of insulin secretion and suppression of glucagon
- WL
SE: HYPOGLYCEMIA (less than sulfonylureas - glucose-dependent), pancreatitis, decrease appetite
-C/I IF HX OF GASTROPARESIS (delays gastric emptying)
(don't use w/ DPP-4 inhib - same pathway)
53
Januvia / Sitagliptin
Onglyza / Saxagliptin
Tradjenta / Linagliptin
DPP-4 INHIBITORS
- dipeptideylpeptase inhibition --> inhibition of degradation of GLP-1 --> inc GLP-1
- true “incretin” oral agents
- targets post-prandial rise in glucose
- inhibit DPP-4 that degrades GLP-1 and GIP
- potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion (B cells) and suppresses glucose-dependent glucagon secretion (alpha cells)
- WL
SE: PANCREATITIS (BBW), renal failure, GI sx
(don't use w/ GLP-1 Agonists - same pathway)
54
Invokana / Canagliflozin
Jardiance / Empagliflozin
Farxiga / Dapagliflozin
Steglatro / Ertugliflozin
SGLT-2 INHIBITORS
- lowers renal glucose threshold --> INC URINARY GLUCOSE EXCRETION
- osmotic diuresis promotes mild volume contraction w/ decreased SBP
- WL from glycosuria
- no hypoglycemia or usual GI side effects
-SE: thirst, nausea, abd pain, UTIs, dehydration
55
Lispro (Humalog)
| Aspart (Novolog)
RAPID-ACTING INSULIN - given w/ meal
onset: 5-15 min
peak: 1 hour
duration: 3-4 hours
56
Regular (Humulin-R)
SHORT-ACTING INSULIN - given 30-60 min before meal
onset: 30-60 min
peak: 2-4 hours
duration: 4-6 hours
57
NPH (Humulin N, Novolin N)
| Lente (Humulin L, Novolin L)
INTERMEDIATE-ACTING INSULIN - covers insulin for about half-day or over night (NPH often given at bedtime)
onset: 2-4 hours
peak: 4-12 hours
duration: 16-20 hours
58
Detemir (Levemir)
| Glargine (Lantus)
LONG-ACTING INSULIN - basal, covers for 1 full day
-glargine fewer hypoglycemic episodes than NPH
Detemir (Levemir)
onset: 6-8 hr
peak: 12-16 hr
duration: 20-30 hours
Glargine (Lantus)
onset: 4 hr
peak: none
duration: 24-36 hours
59
Humulin 70/30 (NPH/reg)
Novalin 70/30
Novolog 70/30 (NPH, aspart)
Humulin 50/50
PRE-MIXED - generally given twice daily before mealtime
60
Clozapine
anti-psycotic
```
SE:
BBW Agranulocytosis, severe neutropenia
Seizures
Myocarditis
Increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis
```
61
cryoprecipitate (infusion) contents
Factor VIII, XIII, von Willebrand factor (vWF), fibrinogen and fibronectin.
62
Warfarin
Oral anticoagulant
Blocks synthesis of II, VII, IX, X (clotting factors), protein C and protein S
Monitor for bleeding
Monitor for drug interactions
Monitor skin for necrosis
Monitor PT/INR
Reverse with vitamin K, consider fresh frozen plasma (FFP) for any life-threatening bleed
63
```
Zidovudine (Retrovir)
Emtricitabine (Emtriva)
Abacavir (Ziagen)
Lamivudine (3TC/Epivir)
Didanosine (ddl)
Zalcitabine (ddC)
Stavudine (d4T)
Tenofivir (Viread)
```
HIV
NRTIs = nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor
moa: inhibits viral replication by interfering w/ HIV viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
SE: PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, PANCREATITIS, hepatitis
- ZIDOVUDINE --> BM SUPPRESSION, myopathy
- EMTRICITABINE --> depigmentation of palms/soles
64
```
Efavirenz (Sustiva)
Delavirdine (Rescriptor)
Etravirine (Intelence)
Nevirapine (Viramune)
Pilpivirine (Edurant)
```
HIV
NNRTIs = non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
moa: inhibits viral replication by interfering w/ HIV viral RNA-dependent DNA polyerase
SE: rash
-EFAVIRENZ - CAUSES VIVID DREAMS, DEPRESSION, NEURO DISTURBANCES
65
```
Atazanavir (Reyataz)
Darunavir (Prezista)
Lopinavir + Ritonavir (Kaletra)
Nelfinavir (Viracept)
Indinavir (Crixivan)
Ritonavir (Norvir)
Fosamprenavir (Lexiva)
Saquinavir (Invirase)
```
HIV
PI = Protease Inhibitor
moa: inhibits HIV protease, leading to production of noninfectious, immature HIV particles
SE: N/V/D, LIPODYSTROPHY, HYPERLIPIDEMIA
- INDINAVIR ASSOC W/ RENAL STONES
- Ritonavir assoc w/ paresthesias
66
Raltegravir (Isentress)
| Dolutegravir (Tivicay)
HIV
Integrase Inhibitors
moa: prevents insertion of a DNA copy of the viral genome into the host DNA
SE: HYPERLIPIDEMIA, n/v/d, ha, hyperglycemia
67
Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon)
HIV
Fusion Inhibitor
moa: disrupts the virus from fusing w/ healthy T cells
SE: HYPERLIPIDEMIA, GI sx
68
Maraviroc (Seizentry)
HIV
CCR5 Antagonist
moa: blocks viral entry into WBCs
SE: rash, cough
69
MIFEPRISTONE + MISOPROSTOL
medical abortion up to 9 wks
- mifepristone is progestin antagonist (endometrium can't maintain and sloughs off)
- misoprostol is prostaglandin analog (uterine contractions)
70
METHOTREXATE + MISOPROSTOL
medical abortion up to 7 wks
- methotrexate is folic acid antagonist
- misoprostol is prostaglandin analog (uterine contractions) (given 3-7 days after)
71
LEUPROLIDE
GnRH agonist if given pulsatile (natural way body does) used in infertility
GnRH antagonist if given continuously --> uterine fibroids (dec estro), prostate cancer (dec tt), DUB, PMS
SE: hot flashes, depression, osteopenia if continuous
72
CLOMIPHENE
- stim gonadotropin secretion
- partial estrogen receptor agonist (stim ovulation via hypothalamus) --> inc LH/FSH release
Ind: induces ovulation in patients w/ infertility or PCOS
73
PROGESTIN
Progesterone receptor agonist --> dec endometrial proliferation, stabilizes endometrium, thickens mucus
Ind: safe OCP in lactating women, abnormal uterine bleeding, endometrial hyperplasia
SE: bone loss
74
Estrogen Only
Estrogen receptor agonist
-NOT USED ORALLY IN WOMEN W/ INTACT UTERUS (INC RISK ENDO CANCER)
Ind: hypogonadism/ovarian failure, HRT for menopause
75
Danazol
Hypoestrogenic and hyperandrogenic --> endometrial atrophy
SE: due to inc TT ---> weight gain, acne, hirsutism, virilization
Ind: ENDOMETRIOSIS (suppress LH/FSH production), fibrocystic breast disease, hereditary angioedema
76
Tamoxifen
Selective estrogen receptor modulator
-estrogen antagonist in breast; estrogen agonist in endometrium and bone, liver and coagulation system
Ind: breast cancer adjuvant, BREAST CA PREVENTION in high risk
SE: INC RISK ENDOMETRIAL CANCER, INC DVT, induces menopause
77
Raloxifene
Estrogen antagonist in breast AND endometrium; estrogen agonist in bone
Ind: POSTMENO OSTEOPOROSIS PREVENTION, BREAST CANCER PREVENTION
SE: weight gain, acne, hirsutism, virilization, inc DVT
