Drug MOAs

Question 1

Metformin

Answer 1

Reduce hepatic glucose output by activating AMP kinase

Question 2

Tacrolimus

Answer 2

Calcineurin inhibitor which reduces the production of cytokine IL-2

Question 3

Mycophenolate mofetil

Answer 3

Reduces the proliferation of lymphoctyes

Question 4

1st gen antipsychotics, e.g. haloperidol, prochlorperazine

Answer 4

Block post-synaptic D2 dopamine receptors

Question 5

SABA

Answer 5

B2 agonist that stimulates GPCR which activates a signalling cascade that leads to smooth muscle relaxation in bronchi

Question 6

Anti-muscarinic agents, e.g., ipratropium

Answer 6

Bind to muscarinic receptors and acts a competitive inhibitor of ACh -> reduces smooth muscle tone

Question 7

Corticosteroids

Answer 7

Upregulate anti-inflammatory agents and down-regulate pro-inflammatory agents

Question 8

Calcium acetate

Answer 8

Phosphate binder that binds to dietary phosphate in the gut and prevents it from being absorbed

Question 9

Calcium resonium

Answer 9

Exchanges with H ions in the stomach, then exchanges with potassium ions in the intestine to excrete the potassium compound in the faeces

Question 10

Sodium bicarbonate

Answer 10

Controls to the acid-base balance of the body

Question 11

Statins

Answer 11

Reduce levels of LDL-C in the blood. Inhibit HMG CoA reductase enzyme, which is required for cholesterol synthesis.

Question 12

Nitrates

Answer 12

Nitrate oxide donor. Nitric oxide causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle via the stimulation of guanylyl cyclase and the subsequent increase of intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate.

Question 13

Benxodiazepines

Answer 13

Facilitate binding of GABA to the receptor

Question 14

Omeprazole

Answer 14

Proton pump inhibitor. Suppresses stomach acid secretion by specific inhibition of the H+/K+ATPase system of gastric parietal cells. Binds non-comeptitively, so has a dose dependent effect.

Question 15

Linezolid

Answer 15

Reversible, non-selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase.

Question 16

Loop diuretics, e.g. furosemide, bumetanide

Answer 16

Act on ascending limb of loop of Henle, inhibit the Na+/K+/Cl2- transport, preventing transport of these ions from the tubular lumen to epithelial cells. Water cannot follow by osmosis. Pts will need to pass urine more frequently.

Question 17

Thiazide-like diuretics, e.g. bendroflumethiazide, indapamide

Answer 17

Inhibit the Na+/Cl- co-transporter in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron, inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and its osmotically associated water.

Question 18

ACEi

Answer 18

Prevents the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 - angiotensin 2 causes contraction of arteries

Question 19

Beta-blockers

Answer 19

Via the B1-receptor, B-blockers reduce the force of contraction and speed of conduction in the heart.

Question 20

Eplerenone/Spironalactone

Answer 20

Aldosterone antagonist that competitively inhibits the effect of aldosterone by binding to the aldosterone receptor. This increases sodium and water excretion and potassium retention.

Question 21

Sulfonylureas, e.g. gliclazide

Answer 21

Stimulate insulin production by blocking ATP-dependent K+ channels in pancreas which opens voltage-gated calcium channels. Increases intracellular calcium concentrations which stimulates insulin secretion.

Question 22

Insulin

Answer 22

Stimulates glucose uptake from the circulation into tissues. Inhibits gluconeogenesis. Stimulates glycogen synthesis.