Drug mechanism of action

Question 1

what are the four type of ligands

Answer 1

1. Antagonists
2. Partial agonists
3. Agonists
4. Inverse agonists

Question 2

Receptors present on the cell surface are known as

Answer 2

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) also known as Metabotropic receptors

Question 3

where are gap junctions found

Answer 3

cardiac cells, smooth muscle cells and between some neurons

Question 4

define hydrophobic and hydrophilic chemical messengers

Answer 4

Hydrophobic(lipophilic) are lipid-soluble, non-ionized, non polar and can easily pass the plasma membrane e.g steroids
Hydrophilic (lipophobic) are water-soluble, ionized, do not readily cross the plasma membrane.

Question 5

most of the protein molecule in intracellular receptors is made up of (3)

Answer 5

1. Hsp-90
2. DNA
3. ligand binding domains

Question 6

examples of enzymes as receptors and heir inhibitors are

Answer 6

1. Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase such as asprin
2. Inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme such as enalapril
3. Inhibitors of xanthine oxidase such as allopurinol

Question 7

what are the similar properties in the nervous system and he endocrine system.

Answer 7

1. high-level processing of information in he brain.
2. The ability to maintain and change processes in peripheral regions of he body.
3. Extensive use of negative feedback mechanism
4. Both systems use chemical messengers such as neurotransmitters (NT) for transmission of information.

Question 8

similarities between the autonomic and somatic systems.

Answer 8

1. Both systems have sensory inputs that provide sensation and can cause modification of moor output through reflex arcs of varying size and complexity.

Question 9

what are the differences between beta-1 and beta-2 receptors.

Answer 9

Beta-1 receptors are present on the cardiac membrane, they cause an excitatory effect on he heart.
Beta-2 receptors are present in the smooth muscle of he bronchioles, gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder. They produce an inhibitory effect