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Drugs and Pharmacology > Drug List > Flashcards

Drug List Flashcards

1
Q

What class of drug is Alendronate?

A

Bisphosphonate

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2
Q

What is Alendronate used to treat and how does it work?

A

Osteoperosis, decreases osteoclast activity and bone turnover

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3
Q

What is Atenolol used to treat and how does it work?

A

IHD, Heart Failure, Arrhythmia, Hypertension
Beta 1 selective - adrenergic antagonist, blocks noradreneline binding to beta receptor inhibiting symapthetic stimulation

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4
Q

What are the side effects of Atenolol?

A

Bronchospasm, bradycardia, cold peripheries, rash, dry eyes

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5
Q

What class of drug is Allopurinol?

A

Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor

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6
Q

What is Allopurinol used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used in Gout.

Works by preventing metabolism of xanthine to uric acid, this will lower plasma uric acid

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7
Q

What is the main side effect of Allopurinol?

A

Skin Rash

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8
Q

What is Atracurium used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used for Neuromuscular blockade

Works by competitively binding with cholinergic receptor sites to antagonise acetylcholine action.

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9
Q

What is Aminosalicylate used to treat?

A

Used in IBD (Chron’s and UC)

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aspirin?

A

Inhibits cyclo-oxygenase irreversibly by removal of acetyl-group which binds to COX-1 and inhibits thromboxane formation and hence platelet aggregation

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11
Q

What class of drug is Bendroflumethiazide?

A

Thiazide diuretic

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12
Q

What is Bendroflumethiazide used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used in hypertension, oedema and heart failure

Works by inhibiting Cl reabsorption in DCT, which results in increase Na, Cl and water excretion

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13
Q

What is a side effect of Bendroflumethiazide?

A

Raised uric acid –> gout

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14
Q

What class of drug is Cefuroxime?

A

Cephalosporin antibiotic (2nd generation) - Beta Lactam

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15
Q

What is Cefuroxime used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used in Gram negative and positive, Gonorrhoea, Haemophilus

Works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis

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16
Q

What class of drug is Celecoxib?

A

NSAID

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17
Q

What is Celecoxib used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid and AS

Works by inhibiting COX-2 (selective) inhibits arachidonic acid to prostaglandin

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18
Q

What class of drug is cholamphenicol?

A

Antibiotic

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19
Q

What is Cholamphenicol used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used in conjunctivitis, meningitis, cholera

Bacteriostatic - inhibits protein synthesis

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20
Q

What type of drug is cyclosporin and what is it used for?

A

Immunosuppressant

Used in Rheumatod arthritis, psoriasis, Chrons

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21
Q

What class of drug is ciprofloxacin?

A

Fluoroquinolone antibiotic

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22
Q

What is Ciprofloxacin used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used for gram positives e.g. staph, strep

Inhibits DNA gyrase which prevents nucleic acid synthesis and replication

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23
Q

Which two drugs make up Co-amoxiclav (augmentin)?

A

Clavaulonic acid and amoxicillin

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24
Q

What is Co-amoxiclav used to treat and how does it work?

A

H.influenzea, N.gonorrhoea

Beta-lactamase inhibitor and inhibits penecillin binding proteins which inhibit cell wall synthesis

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25
Q

How does diamorphine work?

A

Inhibit release of pain transmitters in brain and spinal cord to produce analgesic affect

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26
Q

What are the side effects of diamorphine?

A

Addiction and dependence

Respiratory depression

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27
Q

How do you treat opioid induced respiratory depression?

A

Naloxone

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28
Q

When are somatostatin analogues used?

A

Acromegaly to increase inhibition of growth hormone

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29
Q

What is dalteparin used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used in PE, unstable angina, DVT prophylaxis

Inhibits formation of factor Xa and thus thrombin formation

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30
Q

What class of drug is dobutamine?

A

B-adrenergic receptor

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31
Q

What is Tamoxifen used to treat and how does it work?

A

Treatment in breast cancer, binds to oestrogen receptors which prevents oestrogen binding to receptors on cancer cells

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32
Q

What class of drug is Doxazosin?

A

Alpha-1 adrenoceptor

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33
Q

What is Doxazosin used to treat and how does it work?

A

Hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia

Blocks alpha 1- receptors on vascular smooth muscle which causes vasodilatation

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34
Q

What class of drug is ephedrine?

A

A and B adrenergic agonist

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35
Q

Which drug is used in the treatment of diabetes insipidus?

A

Desmopression - vasopressin analogue - releases vasopressin

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36
Q

What is ethinylestradiol used to treat?

A

(oestrogren) used in menstrual disorders, osteoporosis and prostate cancer

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37
Q

What class of drug is furosemide?

A

Loop diuretic

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38
Q

What is furosemide used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used in hypertension, oedema related HF

Blocks Na-K-Cl cotransporter in loop of hence which inhibits water reabsorption in the nephron

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39
Q

What are the side effects of furosemide?

A

Hypokalaemia, increased urination, dehydration

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40
Q

What is GTN spray used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used in angina and IHD

Dilate systemic veins to reduce venous return to the heart –> reduction of pre-load on the heart

41
Q

What is a side effect of GTN?

A

Headaches, syncope, diziness

42
Q

What class of drug is ipatropium?

A

muscarinic antagonist - long-acting bronchodilator

43
Q

What is Ipatropium used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used in COPD and Asthma

Blocks acetylcholine binding to muscarinic receptors (M3) which reduces bronchoconstriction

44
Q

What are the side effects of ipatropium?

A

Dry mouth, tachycardia, worsening of vision may cause glaucoma

45
Q

How do aminosalicylates eg mesalazine work in UC?

A

Release 5 ASA which has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects

46
Q

What is loperamide used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used in IBD and IBS

Slows down intestinal motility - anti-motility agent

47
Q

What is metformin used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used in type 2 diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome

Works by decreasing hepatic glucose absorption and improves insulin sensitivity

48
Q

What class of drug is methotrexate?

A

DMARD

49
Q

What is methotrexate used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used rheumatoid arthritis, severe psoriasis and chrons

works by inhibiting the enzyme which converts folic acid to FH4 which is required for DNA and protein synthesis

50
Q

What class of drug is pilocarpine?

A

Muscarinic agonist

51
Q

What is pilocarpine used for and suggest a side effect?

A

Stimulates salivation for patients having chemotherapy

Side effect = slows the heart

52
Q

Where are M1 , M2 and M3 receptors found?

A

M1- Brain
M2- Heart
M3- Vascular smooth muscle

53
Q

What class of drug is oxybutin?

A

Anti-muscarinic

54
Q

What is Oxybutin used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used in urinary frequency, urgency and incontinence

Works by blocking ACh at muscarinic receptors and decreases muscle spasms of bladder

55
Q

When is Ursodeoxycholic acid used?

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis ro reduce cholesterol absorption and dissolve cholesterol gallstones

56
Q

When would you take colchicine?

A

Acute gout

57
Q

What is ramipril used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used in hypertension, heart failure, stroke
Inhibit activity of ACE –> less angiotensin 2 produced –> relaxation of arterial smooth muscle.
Less bradykinin breakdown

58
Q

What are the side effects of ramipril?

A

Angiotensin formation –> hypotension, renal failure

bradykinin formation–> dry cough

59
Q

What is the treatment for a paracetamol overdose?

A

N-acetyl cysteine

60
Q

Name 5 signs of paracetamol overdose (MARCH)?

A 
Metabolic acidosis 
Acute hepatitis (ALT >1000)
Renal failure (Cr >300)
Coagulopathy (INR>6.5) 
Hyperglycaemia
61
Q

What is Rifampacin used to treat and how does it work?

A

TB

Inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase thus nucleic acid synthesis

62
Q

What is a side effect of Rifampicin?

A

Red urine and hepatitis

63
Q

What is a side effect of isoniazid?

A

Neuropathy, hepatitis

64
Q

What is a side effect of pyramizaidine?

A

Hepatitis, gout and rash

65
Q

What is a side effect of ethambutol?

A

Optic neuritis

66
Q

What class of drug is rivaroxiban and what is it used for?

A

Factor Xa - DOAC

Used as an anti-coagulant in PE, DVT

67
Q

When would you use cholestyramine?

A

Reduce plasma cholesterol levels, pruritus in PBC

68
Q

What is salmeterol used to treat and how does it work?

A

Beta 2 stimulation which causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle

69
Q

What is the mechanism of clopidorgel?

A

Stops ADP binding to P2y12 which activates Gp IIb/IIIa receptors (required for fibrinogen mediated cross-linking) so prevents platelet aggregation

70
Q

What class of drug is Sildefanil?

A

Phosphodiesterase (type V(5)) Inhibitor

71
Q

What is Sildefanil used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used in erectile dysfunction

Inhibit PDE5 –> vasodilation and smooth muscle relaxation

72
Q

Which drug is used in acromegaly when pituitary tumour cannot be controlled with surgery?

A

Pegvisomant - growth hormone receptor antagonist

73
Q

What class of drug is tamulosin?

A

Alpha blocker

74
Q

What is tamulosin used for and how does it work?

A

Used in BPH

Selective alpha 1 antagonist - relaxation of smooth muscle –> less resistance to urinary flow

75
Q

Suggest a side effect of tamulosin?

A

Allergy, hypotension, retrograde ejaculation

76
Q

What is a severe complication of tramadol use?

A

Respiratory depression

77
Q

What is the mechanism of tramadol?

A

Serotonin and norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors. Enhance serotonin release

78
Q

What class of drug is Valsartan?

A

ARB - angiotensin II receptor blocker

79
Q

Name 3 side effects of valsartan?

A

Sympotmatic hypotension, angioedema, rash

80
Q

What class of drug is verapamil?

A

Calcium channel blocker - phenylalkylamine

81
Q

What is verapamil used to treat and how does it work?

A

Angina, hypertension, tachycardia

Works by blocking L-type calcium channels and preventing calcium from binding

82
Q

Name 2 side effects of Verapamil?

A

Constipation, bradycardia, worsening of cardiac failure

83
Q

Name 4 side effects of amiodarone?

A

Interstitial pneumonitis
Hyper/hypothyroidism
Sun sensitivity and slate grey discolouration of skin
Corneal micro-deposits and optic neuropathy
(Interaction with warfarin)

84
Q

What is the mechanism of sacubitril?

A

Neprilysin inhibitor - BNP is broken down by neprolysin. If BNP not broken down –> increased renal excretion of sodium and water, increased vascular permiability, inhibit aldosterone

85
Q

What is the mechanism of NOAC/DOAC?

A

Directly acts of factors 2 and 10

86
Q

What class of drug is spironalactone?

A

Aldosterone antagonist

87
Q

Name a drug which is a direct renin inhibitor?

A

Aliksren

88
Q

What class of drug is amlodipine?

A

Dihydropyridines - calcium channel blocker

89
Q

What are the side effects of dihydropyridines (nifedipine, amlodipine)?

A

Flushing, headache, oedema and paliptations

90
Q

How does amlodipine work and what is it used to treat?

A

Used in hypertension

Is a peripheral arterial vasodilator - reduce after load on the heart

91
Q

What is the mechanism of action of proton pump inhibitors?

A

Reduce gastric acid secretion by irreversibly inhibiting H+/K+ ATPAse in gastric parietal cells - suppresses gastric acid

92
Q

How does H2 receptor antagonists eg Ranitidine work?

A

proton pump regulated by histamine which binds to H2 receptors on parietal cells to stimulate acid secretion - so blocks H2 receptor

93
Q

When are antacids eg gaviscon used?

A

Symptomatic relief of heartburn and short term relief of dyspepsia

94
Q

Which drug can be used in severe acne?

A

Isotrenion which is a retinoid

95
Q

What is used in Type 2 diabetes to control blood glucose when metformin contraindicated?

A

Gliclazide

96
Q

Which drug is used to treat primary hypothyroidism?

A

Levothyroxine - increases T4

97
Q

Which drug is used as long term treatment in hyperthyroidism?

A

Carbimazole

98
Q

How do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors eg fluoxetine work?

A

Inhibit neuronal re-uptake of serotonin so increase bioavailiabity for transmission

Drugs and Pharmacology (2 decks)

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