Drug Interactions, Adverse/Side Effects & Allergies

Question 1

Human variability in biopharmaceutics and disposition can significantly alter _________ and _______.

Answer 1

blood concentration-time profiles, drug efficacy

Question 2

Differences in ___, _____, _______, and _____ are among the variables that influence the differences in disposition and response to medications.

Answer 2

age, weight, gender, and genetics

Question 3

Hepatic disease to drug interaction

Answer 3

Effect on drug absorption is not well understood.

First-pass metabolism also reduced based off extent of decreased liver activity. Thus, increases bioavailability of drugs.

Cirrhosis and obstructive jaundice DECREASE hepatic metabolism and therefore diminish drug elimination.

Question 4

Selected drugs with decreased elimination in Cirrhosis

Answer 4

Lidocaine
Caffeine
Diazepam
Metronazidole
Theophylline
Erythromycin
Verapamil
Metoprolol
Ecainide

Question 5

Circulatory disease to drug interaction

Answer 5

Changes in blood flow influence drug absorption, distribution, and elimination.

Therefore have the potential to alter the effect of a drug.

Question 6

Renal disease to drug interaction

Answer 6

Reduced renal function can affect the elimination of many drugs (as renal function decreases, the dosage of a drug that is eliminated by the kidney should be reduced in order to prevent accumulation of the drug in the body) and effect the plasma binding of drugs (significantly reduced in acidic drugs, due to lack of albumin protein in the body, a side effect of renal disease).

Question 7

Thyroid disease to drug interaction

Answer 7

Changes in thyroid activity can effect absorption, excretion, and metabolism.

Hypothyroidism- increases bioavailability of a few drugs (riboflavin, digoxin)

Hyperthyroidism- decreases bioavailability of a few drugs

Question 8

complexation

Answer 8

two different molecules associate or attach to one another

some drugs can form non-absorbable complexes by binding to other drugs, resulting in decreased absorption.

Question 9

displacement

Answer 9

a drug that is bound to a plasma protein is unbound because a larger, stronger molecule attaches to the same protein

Question 10

gastric emptying

Answer 10

certain drugs will alter rate of gastric emptying, therefore effecting the absorption of other drugs.

Question 11

gastric pH

Answer 11

drugs that alter the gastric pH can have various effects on other drugs being taken.

Question 12

intestinal metabolism

Answer 12

an antibiotic kills the normal bacterial flora in the GI tract. This disrupts the enterohepatic recycling of the oral contraceptive’s estrogens.

Question 13

Health care professionals should report adverse effects to medications to _____

Answer 13

MedWatch

Question 14

Health care professionals should report adverse effects to vaccines to _____

Answer 14

VAERS

Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System

Question 15

If the FDA determines a drug presents a flaw, it’s options are to ____, _____, or _____.

Most preferred method is _____.

Answer 15

injunction- prevents manufacturer from distributing the drug
seize drug
recall of drug or certain lots of the drug

recall

Question 16

The classifications of recalls

Answer 16

Class I, II, and III

Question 17

Class I recall

Answer 17

Strong likelihood that the product will cause serious adverse effects or death

Question 18

Class II recall

Answer 18

Product may case temporary but reversible side effects, or little likelihood of adverse effects caused by drug

Question 19

Class III recall

Answer 19

Product not likely to cause adverse effects

Question 20

How an FDA requested recall works

Answer 20

Reports of adverse effects
Manufacturer agrees to recall
Customers contacted
Recalls listed publicly