Drug discovery 6a Flashcards

0
Q

what is the atomic mass?

A

number of protons + number of neutrons

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1
Q

what is the atomic number ?

A

number of protons in the nucleus

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2
Q

what are the number of protons equal to in an atom?

A

number of electrons

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3
Q

what do the atomic number and molecular mass enable ?

A

enable a schematic drawing of an atom to be produced

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4
Q

what are radioactive isotopes used for ?

A

to label ligands for binding assays

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5
Q

how are electrons organised in an atom ?

A

they are organised into electron shells

  • each level down an additional shell is added
  • first shell only contains 2 electrons while 2nd and 3rd can contain 8
  • electrons only occupy the next shell once the previous one has become full
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6
Q

atoms prefer to have a full electron shell so what does this mean ?

A

it means if they dont have a full electron shell they will either donate or share electrons
atoms are more stable when they have a full outer shell of electrons - therefore group 8 elements are notoriously stable, unreactive

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7
Q

when is formed when atoms donate or accept electrons ?

A

ionic bonding

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8
Q

what is covalent bonding ?

A

it is the sharing of electrons to form full outer electron shells

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9
Q

what are lone pairs?

A

electron pairs that remain unshared in a molecules

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10
Q

what do lone pairs cause?

A

they are important for defining the shape of the molecule and also forming electrostatic interactions

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11
Q

what is the bond angle between the hydrogen atoms in methane and what shape is this molecule?

A

109.5 degrees
produces a tetrahedral shape around the central atom - this is an ideal shape but it can vary in non-symmetrical molecules like water

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12
Q

what is the bond angle between the hydrogen atoms in water ?

A

104.5 degrees

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13
Q

what do lone pairs that are next to each other do ?

A

they repel each other

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14
Q

how many outer electrons does a nitrogen atom have and what does this mean ?

A

it have 5 outer shell electrons

shares 3 of them to produce 1 lone pair

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15
Q

what shape is a benzene molecule ?

A

planar

16
Q

what property does a cyclohexane ring have ?

A

it is puckered

- forms a chair or boat conformation

17
Q

what happens in covalent double bonding ?

A

atoms share 2 electrons

18
Q

what shape is ethene and what is the bond angle?

A

flat/planar shape- trigonal planar

120 degree bond angle

19
Q

what is the difference between a single covalent bond and a double covalent bond ?

A

double covalent bonds do not spin they are fixed

20
Q

what is characteristic of the benzene ring ?

A

there are 3 double covalent bonds in the ring

the electrons in the 3 double bonds are shared across all 6 bonds in the ring = delocalisation

21
Q

what structures are common in drug structure ?

A

aromatic rings

22
Q

what is electronegativity ?

A

it is the attraction of an atom for electrons

- some atoms have a very high attraction for electrons e.g. F, O, N = high electronegativity

23
Q

if there is a large difference in electronegativity between 2 atoms what forms ?

A

ionic bond

24
Q

if there is a small difference in electronegativity between 2 atoms what is formed ?

A

a covalent bond

25
Q

what is formed if there is an intermediate difference in electronegativity ?

A

polar covalent bond formed

- the electronegative atom pulls the shared electrons closer to itself giving itself a partial negative charge

26
Q

what is a polar molecule ?

A

a molecule that has one end more polar than the other

27
Q

why is carbon dioxide non-polar ?

A

even though it has 2 polar bonds it doesnt have a dipole because their polarities cancel each other out

28
Q

what do polar molecules prefer to interact with and what does this cause ?

A

prefer to interact with polar molecules
- therefore tend to separate leaving the non-polar molecules to interact with each other by weak van der waals interactions

29
Q

what is a hydrogen bond ?

A

it is the interaction of the hydrogen on one molecule to O or N or F that is attracted to an O or N or F of a different molecule

30
Q

what are the different types of isomers ?

A
structural isomers 
geometric isomers 
stereo isomers (enantiomers)
31
Q

what are isomers ?

A

different molecules that contain the same atoms but in a different arrangment

32
Q

what are structural isomers ?

A

same atoms but different arrangement in space

33
Q

what are geometric isomers ?

A

same molecular formula but different arrangement due to a double bond

  • cis and trans isomers
  • cis= atoms on same side
  • trans= atoms on opposite side
34
Q

what are stereo isomers ?

A

same molecular formula but mirror images of each other (non-super imposable)

35
Q

what is a chiral carbon ?

A

a carbon atom that has 4 different groups attached to it

it is a chiral centre

36
Q

what are stereo isomers important for ?

A

important in molecular recognition