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Pharmacology > Drug Classes > Flashcards

Drug Classes Flashcards

1
Q

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERM)

Action, Function, AE

A

Action: Acts as an estrogen agonist at beta-estrogen receptors in bone. Acts as antagonist at alpha-estrogen receptors in breast and endometrial tissue
Function: Inhibits osteoclast activity and reduces rate of bone resorption
AE: Leg cramps, hot flashes and venous thromboembolism

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2
Q

Bisphosphonates

Action, Function

A

Action: Inhibs osteoclast activity and reduce bone resorption
Function: Increases BMD and overall bone strength

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3
Q

RANKL Inhibitors

Action, Function, AE

A

Action: Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, binds to RANK receptor on osteoclasts
Function: Promotes removal of calcium from bone

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4
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

Function

A

Function: Builds new bone through stim of osteoblasts

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5
Q 
Cholinergic Drugs
Drug class name & function
A 
Muscarinic Agonists
Stim para system
Stim smooth muscles and gland secretions
Decrease HR and force of contraction
Constriction of pupil
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6
Q

Two types of Cholinergic drugs

A

Direct-Acting: Bind to muscarinic cholinergic receptors

Indirect-Acting: Increase acetylcholine levels and inhibs acetylcholinesterase

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7
Q 
Anticholinergic Drugs
Drug class name & function
A

Muscarinic Antagonists
Inhibs rest, digest and reproduce
Induce effects similar to sym nervous system activation
ex. Increase HR, bronchodilation, decreased GI motility, pupil dilation, decreased secretions

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8
Q

3 types of Adrenergic agonists

A 
Alpha 1 (Blood vessels): Constrict smooth muscle and dilate pupils (Blood vessels and uterus) (Decreased func of Skin, sphincters, GI, kidney and brain)
Beta 1 (Heart): Increase HR and force of contraction, increase release of renin
Beta 2 (Lungs): Inhibs/relaxes smooth muscle (Bronchioles and uterus)
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9
Q

Alpha-Adrenergic Antagonists

Action & Function

A

Action: Relax vascular smooth muscle
Function: Decreased blood pressure

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10
Q

Beta-adrenergic antagonists

Action & Function

A

Action: Decrease rate and force of contraction of heart and reduce production of renin & constricts smooth muscles
Function: Decreased HR and bronchoconstriction/uterine constriction

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11
Q

How do opioids work in terms of Analgesia?

Presynaptically and Post

A

Pre: Bind to receptors in substantia gelatinosa, inhibs release of pain signalling NT into spinal cord
Post: Binds to receptors in brain when decreases neuronal excitability (Rx to pain)

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12
Q

NSAIDS

Action & Function

A

Action: Inhibs activity of COX and inflammatory response to tissue injury
Function: Mild to moderate pain, inflammation and antipyretics

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13
Q

Endogenous Opioids

Action & function (Post and presynapitcs)

A

Action: Post-opens K channels causing membrane hyperpolarization (Inhibs neuronal activity)
Pre: Closes Ca channels inhbs release of excitatory NT (Ach, Sub P and glutamate)
Function: Modulates transmission of pain

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14
Q

Bradykinin

Function & Storage

A

Storage: Inactive form in plasma and stored and released by mast cells
Function: Vasodilator that causes pain; similar effects to hist

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15
Q

Complement

Function

A

Neutralize or destroy an antigen

Stim hist release by mast cells, initiates immune response

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16
Q

Histamine

Function & Storage

A

Stored and released by mast cells

Causes dilation of blood vessels, smooth muscle constriction (Think bronchioles), tissue swelling and itching

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17
Q

Leukotrienes

Function & Storage

A

Stored and released by mast cells

Similar effects of hist, contribute to asthma and allergies

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18
Q

Prostaglandins

Function & Storage

A

Present in most tissues and stored and released by mast cells
Increases cap perm, attract W.B.C to site of inflammation and causes pain

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19
Q

Cytokines

Function & Production

A

Produced by macrophages, leukocytes and dendritic cells

Function: Mediate and regulate immune and inflammatory rxns

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20
Q

COX 1

Location & Function

A

Present in all tissues

Converts AA to prost, prost used to protect gastric mucosa, kidney and promotes platelet aggregation

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21
Q

COX 2

Location & Function

A

Only present in areas of tissue injury

Produces prost which are associated with pain, inflammation and fever

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22
Q

Glucocorticoid Therapy

Function and AE

A

Inhibs release of hist, blocks activity of phospholipase A2 and COX 2 enzyymes, inhbs immune response (Suppress phagocytic/lymphocytic activity, interleukin 2 & 3, platelet activating factor
AE: Adrenal insufficiency, hyperglycemia, mood changes, osteoporosis, immunosuppression

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23
Q

Antihistamines

Action & Function

A

Action: Block action of histamine at the H1 receptor
Function: Treatment of allergic rhinitis, sedative effect and motion sickness

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24
Q

Antidepressants drugs

Action & Function

A

Action: Block enzymatic breakdown of nore, slow reuptake of sero and nore
Function: Treat depression by enhancing mood

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25
Q

SSRI

Action, Function & AE

A

Action: Inhibs sero reuptake into presynaptic neuron (Postsyn receptors become more sensitive, presyn receptors become less sensitive)
Function: Antidepression
AE: Sexual dysfunction, nausea, headache, weight gain, akathisias, anxiety, increased ideations of suicide in peds

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26
Q

SNRIs

Action

A

Action: Inhibs reuptake of sero and nore

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27
Q

NDRIs

Action, Contraindication?, New Function

A

Action: Inhibs reuptake of dopamine and nore
Contraindicated in those with seizure disorders
Function: Causes smoking cessation (Bupropion)

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28
Q

Tricyclic Antidepressant Drugs

Action, Function & AE

A

Action: Inhibs nore, sero and dopamine reuptake. Affinity for hist, muscarinic and alpha 1 adrenergic receptors
AE: Sedation,

29
Q

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Drugs

Action, Function & AE

A

Action: inhibs MAO enzymes to increase monoamine levels (Dope, Nore, Sero, Epine)
Function: Antidepressant
AE: Orthostatic Hypotension, headache, insomnia and diarrhea, Hypertensive crisis due to SES and elevated levels of tyramine (Tyr becomes Nore. causes vasoconstriction)

30
Q

Lithium

Action, Function & AE

A

Action: inhibs synthesis of PIP (decreases generation of IP3 and DAG)
Function: Mood stabilizer, and treatment of mania
AE: Narrow therapeutic index, muscle weakness, lack of coordination, vomiting, diarrhea, tremor, twitch, polyuria

31
Q

Benzodiazepine

Action, Function & AE

A

Action: Binds to GABA receptors to increase entry of chloride ions into neuron (Increased chloride ions = hyperpolarized = less sensitive = Nore has less effect)
Function: Short-Acting Good for insomina but bad for anxiety. Long-Acting good for anxiety but bad for insomnia
AE: Over sedation, dizziness, confusion (Due to impaired drug meta and elim)
Abrupt discontinuation leads to rebound insomnia

32
Q

Typical Antipsychotic Drugs

Action, Function & AE

A

Action: Blockade of dopamine D2 receptors in mesolimbic, mesocortical and nigrostriatal tract
Function: Treatment of ONLY positive symptoms of schiz
AE: Motor/extrapyramidal effects

33
Q

Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs

Action, Function & AE

A

Action: Blocks D2 like receptors, serotoninergic 5HT2a and alpha 2 adrenergic receptors AND stim of 5HT1a receptors
Function: Treatment of negative, positive and some cognitive symptoms of schiz
AE: Obesity and few EPS

34
Q

Dopamine System Stabilizer

Action, Function & AE

A

Action: Partial agonist at Dopamine D2, D3 & Serotonin 5HT1a receptors. Antagonist at serotonin 5HT2a receptors
Function: Improve both positive and negative symptoms and improves cog
AE: Changes in BP, agitation, anxiety

35
Q

Levodopa and Carbidopa

Action & Explanation to why given together

A

Levo: Converted to dopamine by dopamine decarboxylase
Carb: Prevents conversion of levo to dopamine in periphery through inhibs of dopamine decarboxylase
Levo would get converted in peri producing adverse effects, Carb stops this in peri but not CNS (cant travel through BB barrier)

36
Q

Anticholinergic Drugs on Parkinson

Action & Function

A

Action: Binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors in CNS to stop unopposed excitatory effects of Ach
Funcion: Treats early parkinson’s and reverse EPS caused by antipsychotics

37
Q

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors

Action & Function

A

Action: Inhibs metabolism of Ach causing increased levels in hippocampus
Function: To slow progression of symptoms of Alzs

38
Q

Thiazide and Thiazide-like Diuretics

3 ways of treating BP

A

1) Increases loss of water
2) Block Na/Cl transporter, facilitates urinary excretion of electrolytes and water
3) Increase in urinary excretion and electrolytes
* Works on kidneys and meta by liver so watch for those

39
Q

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors

Action, Function & AE

A

Action: Blocks conversion of angio I to Angio II, inhibs aldosterone secretion, increase prod of vasodilatory kinins
Function: Decreases TPR and BV
AE: Dry cough, first dose phenomenon (Sudden drop in BP and tachycardia), Angioedema

40
Q

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

Action, Function & AE

A

Action: Blocks angio II receptors in arteriolar SM and adrenal cortex, inhibs release of aldosterone, no effect on bradykinin (No dry cough)
Function: Decrease TPR and BV, given for patients who hate dry cough
AE: SImilar AE to ACE Inhibs

41
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers

Action, Function, AE

A

Action: Block Ca Ion channels, Non-selective (Heart and arterioles) Selective (Arterioles only)
Function: Relax vascular smooth muscle, decrease TPR, prevents chronic stable angina
AE: Hypotension and reflex tachycardia

42
Q

Alpha and Beta Adrenergic Antagonist
(Reducing HR)
Action and Function

A

Action: Blocks adrenergic effect on arterioles, blocks action of Nore and Epine on cardiac muscle, decrease renin secretion
Function: Reduces HR

43
Q

Statins

Action, Function & AE

A

Action: Inhibs activity of HMG-CoA reductase, blocking cholesterol synth (Causes liver to increase # of LDL receptors)
Function: Huge drop in LDL, VLDL and increased HDL levels
AE: Avoid in pregnant women (Cholesterol needed for fetus hormones), rhabdomyolysis

44
Q

Selective Cholesterol Absorption Inhibit

Action, Function, & AE

A

Action: Inhibs intestinal cholesterol absorption
Function: Reduces LDL and cholesterol absorption
AE: GI distress due to drug working solely in gut

45
Q

Bile Acid Sequestrants

Action, Function & AE

A

Action: Binds to and prevent absorption of bile acids, inhibs enterohepatic circulation and increase excretion of cholesterol
Function: Reduces cholesterol levels and induces formation of LDL receptors
AE: Interferes with absorption of other drugs through binding

46
Q

PCSK9 Inhibitors

Action, Function & AE

A

Action: Inhibs PCSK9 proteins that target liver LDL receptors for degradation
Function: Increases levels of LDL receptors whilst reducing levels of LDL

47
Q

Nitrates

Action, Function & AE

A

Action: Facilitate formation of nitric acid which is a potent vasodilator
Function: Terminating an angina attack
AE: Hypotension, reflex tachycardia, dizziness, weakness

48
Q

Beta Adrenergic Antagonist

Action, Function & AE

A

Action: Reduces cardiac workload, HR, contractility
Function: Prevention of chronic stable angina
AE: Exacerbation of lung diseases, depression, masking of diabetic depression

49
Q

Heparin

Action, Function & AE

A

Action: Inhibs activity of thrombin and clotting factor Xa
Function: Prevent thromboembolism, IM and stroke
AE: Monitor for bleeding

50
Q

Warfarin

Action, Function & AE

A

Action: Blocks synt of clotting factors thrombin, VIIa, IXa, & Xa (Decreases vit K amts)
Function: Anticoagulation
AE: Vit-K rich foods can reduce effectiveness

51
Q

Low Molecular Weight Heparins

Action

A

Action: Same MoA of heaprin but leaves thrombin alone and only attacks factor Xa

52
Q

Direct Thrombin Inhibitors

Action & Function

A

Action: Directly binds to and inhibs thrombin
Function: Reduce risk of stroke and systemic embolism

53
Q

Irreversible COX Inhibitors

Action

A

Action: Irreversibly blocks activity of COX 1 (Think prostaglandin and platelets) & 2 enzymes

54
Q

ADP Receptor Antagonists

Action

A

Action: Irreversibly change molecular conformation of ADP receptors present on platelets (Stops platelet from receiving signal to aggregate)

55
Q

Glycoprotein IIB/IIIA Inhibitors

Acction

A

Action: Inhibs enzymes involved in platelet aggregation

56
Q

Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Action & Function

A

Action: Converts plasminogen to plasmin
Function: Antiplatelet

57
Q

Glucocorticoid Drugs
Controllers for Asthma
Action

A

Gluco drugs bind to its receptor and moves into cell and acts directly on DNA
Downregs gene resp for prod inflamm cytokines
Increases prod of phospholipase inhibiting proteins

58
Q

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists

Action

A

Action: Bind to leukotriene receptors to induce bronchodilatory and immunomodulatory effects

59
Q

Mast Cell Stabilizers

Action & Function

A

Action: Prevents mast cells from releasing calcium in response to IgE receptors
Function: Time-limited/predicted asthma attacks

60
Q

Anticholinergic in Antiemetic

Action

A

Action: Blocks binding at muscarinic receptors in NTS and CTZ
Function: Reduce feelings of nausea and vomiting

61
Q

Antihistamines in antiemesis

Action

A

Block binding and activity of hist adrenergic receptors in NTS and CTZ

62
Q

Cannbinoids

Action and Function

A

Action: Work specifically on CB1 receptor located in cortex and VC
Function: Makes people hungry

63
Q

Neurokinin Receptor Antagonist

Action

A

Action: Blocks binding of substance P at NK1 receptors

64
Q

Antacids

A

Action: Alkaline substance that neutralizes gastric acids

65
Q

Antimicrobials

A

Antibiotics to treat H. pylori

66
Q

Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonist (H2RAs)

A

Action: Inhibs both basal secretion of gastric acid and secretion of gastric acid stim by hist, Ach and gastrin
Function: Decreases the amount, acidity and pepsin content of gastric juices

67
Q

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

A

Action: Bind irreversibly to H ion, K ion and ATPase proton pump
Function: Prevent release of gastric acids from parietal cells into stomach lumen

68
Q

Misoprostol

A

Synth form of Prostaglandin E2
Prost E2: Inhibs gastric acid secretion, increases mucous and bicarb secretion and enhances mucosal blood flow and repair

69
Q

Sucralfate

A

Binds to ulcerated tissue and acts as protective barrier between pepsin and gastric acid

Pharmacology (2 decks)

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