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xD2 Pharm Exam 6 > Drug Chart > Flashcards

Drug Chart Flashcards

1
Q

What type of drug is indomethacin?

A

An Indole (which is an NSAID)

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2
Q

What is indomethacin used for?

A

Suppress uterine contactions in pre-term labor

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3
Q

What is the method of action for indomethacin?

A

Reversible COX inhibition, 4A’s (anti-inflammatory, analgesia, antipyretic,antithrombotic)

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4
Q

What are some side effects of indomethacin?

A
  1. GI complications
  2. Anorexia
  3. Abdominal pain
  4. Ulcers
  5. Frontal headaches (vertigo/dizziness)
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5
Q

What type of drug is Sundilac?

A

A potent indole (which is an NSAID)

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6
Q

What is Sundilac used for?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis, osteoarthritis

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7
Q

What is the method of action for Sundilac?

A

Reversible COX inhibition

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8
Q

What are the side effects associated with Sundilac?

A
  1. GI

2. Headaches (fewer compared to Indomethacin)

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9
Q

What type of drug is Dicloflenac?

A

A potent indole (which is an NSAID)

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10
Q

What is Dicloflenac used for?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis, accumulates in synovial fluid

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11
Q

What is the method of action of Dicloflenac?

A

Reversible COX inhibition

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12
Q

What are the side effects of Dicloflenac?

A
  1. GI (but fewer than the other indoles)
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13
Q

What type of drug is ibuprofen?

A

A proprionic acid derivative (an NSAID)

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14
Q

What is the ibuprofen used for?

A
  1. Rheumatoid Arthritis
  2. Osteoarthritis
  3. Short term pain
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15
Q

What is the method of action of ibuprofen?

A

Reversible COX inhibition

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16
Q

What are the side effect of ibuprofen?

A
  1. Less anti-inflammatory (AIA) than the indoles

2. GI (but better tolerated than indoles)

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17
Q

What type of drug is Naproxen?

A

A proprionic acid derivative (an NSAID)

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18
Q

What is Naproxen used for?

A
  1. Rheumatoid arthritis

2. Osteoarthritis

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19
Q

What is the method of action of Naproxen?

A

Reversible COX inhibition

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20
Q

What are some side effects/other info with Naproxen?

A
  1. Antacids decrease effectiveness

2. Long halflife

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21
Q

What type of drug is Piroxicam?

A

An oxicam (an NSAID)

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22
Q

What is Piroxicam used for?

A
  1. Rheumatoid arthritis

2. Osteoarthritis

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23
Q

What is the method of action of Piroxicam?

A

Reversible COX inhibition

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24
Q

What are some side effects/other info with Piroxicam

A
  1. Better tolerated than other NSAIDS
  2. Long halflife
  3. Some GI
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25
Q

What type of drug is Ketorolac?

A

An oxicam (an NSAID)

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26
Q

What is Ketorolac used for?

A
  1. Acute, post-op pain,

2. Adjunct in surgery

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27
Q

What is the method of action of Ketorolac?

A

Reversible COX inhibition

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28
Q

What are some side effects/other info with Ketorolac?

A
  1. Can replace opiods w/o respiratory despression
  2. Need blood work due to platelet inhibition
  3. 2-5 day Rx max!
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29
Q

What type of drug is Celecoxib?

A

COX2 Inhibitor

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30
Q

What is Celecoxib?

A
  1. RA, osteoarthritis
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31
Q

What is the method of action of Celecoxib?

A

Selective, reversible COX 2 inhibition

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32
Q

What type of drug is acetaminophen?

A

Acetominophen (not a true NSAID)

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33
Q

What is acetaminophen used for?

A

Analgesic, anti-pyretic

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34
Q

What is the method of action of acetominophen?

A

No AIA/no anti-thrombotic, unknown MOA

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35
Q

What are side effects associated with acetominophen?

A
  1. Less GI (than NSAIDS)

2. Metabolized in liver, excreted in urine as conjugate, liver damage when combined with opiods/alcohol

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36
Q

What type of drug is N-acetylcysteine?

A

Acetominophen antidote

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37
Q

What is the method of action of N-acetylcysteine?

A

O2 free radical scavenger, promotes glutathione formation for detox

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38
Q

What type of drug is aspirin

A

Salicylate

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39
Q

What is aspirin used for?

A
  1. 4A’s (anti-inflammatory, analgesia, antipyretic, antithrombotic)
  2. Colds
  3. RA
  4. Keratolytic agent
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40
Q

What is the method of action of aspirin?

A
  1. Acetylation of COX

2. Irreversibly inhibits COX, inhibit NFkB

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41
Q

What is some key information/side effects aspirin?

A
  1. Passive diffusion in stomach
  2. Rapid absorption in skin
  3. Increase gastric acid
  4. Excreted as salicylic acid in urine
  5. Ibuprofen use = antagonizes anti-thrombic effect
  6. GI ulcers/bleeding
  7. Renal/heart failure
  8. Increased BP
  9. Reyes syndrome (kids),
  10. Intoxication leads to tinnitus/hyperventilation
  11. Toxic
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42
Q

What type of drug is Diflunisal?

A

Salicylate derivative

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43
Q

What are some uses for diflunisal?

A

Not antipyretic, used for sprains, Rheumatoid Arthritis, osteoarthritis

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44
Q

What is the method of action for Diflunisal?

A

Reversible COX inhibition

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45
Q

What are some side effects for Difluinsal?

A

Less GI and less anti-platelet than NSAIDS

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46
Q

What type of drug is Sulfasalazine?

A

Salicylate

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47
Q

What are some uses for Sulfasalazine?

A

Ulcerative Colitis, regional enteritis to decrease ulcers

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48
Q

What is the method of action of Sulfasalazine?

A

Active metabolite: sulfonamide AIA

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49
Q

What type of drug is Salicylic Acid?

A

Salicylate (duh!)

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50
Q

What are some uses for for Salicylic Acid?

A

Irritating, external use, keratolytic

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51
Q

What is the method of action of Salicylic Acid?

A

not AIA, inhibit NFkB

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52
Q

What type of drug is Montelukast?

A

Leukotriene inhibitor

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53
Q

What is Montelukast used for?

A

Decrease asthma symptoms, broncodilation

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54
Q

What is the method of action for Montelukast?

A

Competitive leukotriene receptor blocker (CD4)

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55
Q

What type of drug is dinoprost?

A

PG Analogs/ Synthetic AA

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56
Q

What is dinoprost used for?

A

intra-amniotic admin, induce abortion after 15wks

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57
Q

What is the method of action of dinoprost?

A

Increase uterine smooth muscle contractions

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58
Q

What type of drug is Dinoprostone?

A

PG Analogs/ Synthetic AA

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59
Q

What is dinoprostone used for?

A

Suppository, induce abortion >28wk, full term labor

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60
Q

What is the method of action of dinoprostone?

A

increase uterine smooth m contractions

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61
Q

What type of drug is Misoprostol?

A

PG Analog/Synthetic AA

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62
Q

What is the use of Misoprostol?

A

Protective agent, given with chronic NSAID use/ulcers

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63
Q

What is the method of action of Misoprostol?

A

inhibits gastric acid , increase mucous secretions

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64
Q

What is a contraindication for Misoprostol?

A

Pregnancy

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65
Q

What type of drug is Phenytoin?

A

Anticonvulsant; inactivates sodium channels

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66
Q

What is Phenytoin used for?

A
  1. Tonic-clonic and partial seizures

2. trigeminal neuralgia

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67
Q

What is the method of action of phenytoin?

A

In seizure, high frequency, repetitive firing occurs, therefore, these drugs act by promoting sustained inactivation.

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68
Q

What are some side effects of phenytoin?

A

Gingival hyperplasia, constipation, nausea, vomiting , darkening of skin, abnormal hair growth, rashes potential teratogenic effects

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69
Q

What type of drug is Carbamazepine?

A

Anticonvulsant; inactivates sodium channels

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70
Q

What are some uses for Carbamazepine?

A

tonic-clonic and partial seizures, trigeminal neuralgia and bipolar disorder

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71
Q

What is the method of action for Carbamazepine?

A

In seizure, high frequency, repetitive firing occurs, therefore, these drugs act by promoting sustained inactivation. Related to TCAs.

72
Q

What are some side effects of carbemazepine?

A

Dry mouth, stomatitis

73
Q

What type of drug is Oxycarbamazepine?

A

A prodrug for carbamazepine, an anticonvulsant that inactivates sodium channels

74
Q

What is the method of action for Carbamazepine?

A

Blocks voltage sensitive Na+ channels and reduces presynaptic glutamate release, same as above

75
Q

What type of drug is valproic acid?

A

Anticonvulsant; inactivates sodium channels

76
Q

What are some uses for valproic acid?

A

partial, tonic-clonic, absence and myoclonic seizures

77
Q

What is the method of action of valproic acid?

A

block voltage gated Na+ channels, also inhibits Ca2+ channels, inhibits GABA transaminase (weak)

78
Q

What are some side effects of valproic acid?

A

dyspepsia, weight gain, hyperammonemia, potential neural tube defects, with ASA=additive bleeding

79
Q

What type of drug is lamotrigine?

A

2nd gen, AED, An anticonvulsant that blocks voltage gated Na+ ion channels

80
Q

What is lamotrigine used for?

A

partial seizures

81
Q

What is the method of action of lamotrigine?

A

block voltage gated Na+ channels, also inhibits Ca2+ channels, inhibits glutamate transaminase (weak)

82
Q

What are some side effects of lamotrigine?

A

Life threatening skin reactions, headaches, insomnia, acne. Side effects more common in women

83
Q

What is the method of action of zonisamide?

A

Blocks voltage gated sodium and calcium channels

84
Q

What type of drug is Felbamate?

A

2nd gen, AED, An anticonvulsant that blocks voltage gated Na+ ion channels

85
Q

What is the method of action for Felbamate?

A

Blocks voltage-gated Na+ channel, block glycine site on NMDA receptor

86
Q

What are some side effects of Felbamate?

A

Hepatotoxicity and aplastic anemia therefore used mostly for refractory seizures

87
Q

What type of drug is Primidone?

A

A deoxybarbituate, an anticonvulsant that enhances GABA inhibition

88
Q

What is primidone used for?

A

Complex and simple as well as tonic-clonic seizures

89
Q

What is the method of action of primidone?

A

positive GABA modulation enhancing opening of GABAA receptor Cl- channels

90
Q

What type of drug is benzodiazepine?

A

Anticonvulsant: enhance GABA inhibition

91
Q

What is the long- acting benzodiazapines Clonazepam and Chlorazepate used for?

A

long-term treatment of certain seizures

92
Q

What is the method of action for Clonazapam and Chlorazepate?

A

positive GABA modulation enhancing opening of GABAA receptor Cl- channels

93
Q

What are the side effects of Clonazapam and Chlorazepate?

A

sedation, risk of physical dependence

94
Q

What type of drug is gabapentin?

A

Anticonvulsant: enhance GABA inhibition

95
Q

What is gabapentin used for?

A

Adjunct therapy for partial seizures; also migraine, chronic pain, bipolar disorder

96
Q

What is the method of action for gabapentin?

A

Unclear but enhances the release of GABA

97
Q

What are some side effects of gabapentin?

A

Oral: mucositis, hiccups, nasal obstruction CNS: somnolence, dizziness, ataxia, physical dependence GI: nausea, vomiting, not metabolized, therefore doesn’t affect hepatic enzymes and lacks significant drug interactions

98
Q

What type of drug is Tiagabine?

A

Anticonvulsant: enhance GABA inhibition

99
Q

What is the method of action of Tiagabine?

A

inhibits GABA reuptake

100
Q

What are some side effects of Tigabine?

A

confusion, sedation, paresthesias, slurring of speech

101
Q

What type of drug is vigabatrin?

A

Anticonvulsant: enhance GABA inhibition

102
Q

What is the method of action of vigabatrin?

A

binds irreversibly to GABA transaminase increasing GABA levels

103
Q

What are the side effects of vigabatrin?

A

30-60% patients get visual field defects d/t GABA-mediated toxic effects on retinal amercing cells. May cause white matter injury

104
Q

What type of drug is ethosuxamide?

A

Anticonvulsant: limit Ca2+ channel activity

105
Q

What is ethosuxamide used for?

A

Absence seizures

106
Q

What is the method of action for ethosuxamide?

A

Unclear but may reduce Ca++ currents

107
Q

What three drugs block both sodium and calcium ion channels?

A
  1. Lamotrigine
  2. Valproic Acid
  3. Zonisamide
108
Q

What three anticonvulsant drugs attenuate the glutamate receptor?

A
  1. Felbamate
  2. Oxycarbamazepine
  3. Lamotrigine
109
Q

What are the ultrashort barbiturates?

A
  1. Thiopentothal

2. Methohexital

110
Q

What are ultrashort barbiturates used for?

A

iv anesthetics

111
Q

What is the method of action for barbiturates?

A

Potentiates actions of endogenous GABA at the receptor, increases mean of channel opening, high (toxic) doses can directly open channel in absence of GABA

112
Q

What are side effects of ultrashort barbiturates?

A

Low TI, no antagonists, can induce profound tolerance/dependence, highly lipophilic=rapid onset/short duration, can interfere with metabolism, many drug interactions, life threatening withdrawal

113
Q

Which drugs are the short-Intermediate barbiturates?

A
  1. Secobarbital

2. Pentobarbital

114
Q

What are the short-intermediate barbiturates used for?

A

Oral or iv anesthetics

115
Q

What are side effects of short-intermediate barbiturates?

A

low TI, no antagonists, can induce profound tolerance/dependence

116
Q

What are the long-acting barbiturates?

A
  1. Phenobarbital

2. Mephobarbital

117
Q

What are the long-acting barbiturates used for?

A

Anticonvulsants

118
Q

What are benzodiazepines used for?

A

Anxiety, pre-anethetics, anethesia, anticonvulsant, alcohol withdrawl syndrome, conscious sedation, insomnia

119
Q

What is the method of action for benzodiazepines?

A

Increase # of GABA-A ion (Cl-) channel openings per unit, + modulation

120
Q

Which are the short-ultrashort benzodiazepines?

A

Midazolam, Oxazepam, Triazolam

121
Q

What are the intermediate benzodiazepines?

A

Intermediate: Alprazolam, Estazolam, Lorazepam, Temazepam

122
Q

What are some side effects/interactions of the benzodiazepines?

A

BDZ may decrease effectiveness of Levodopa, increase effectiveness of digoxin, phenytoin, and probencid and compete with antiretrovirals for metabolism (increased plasma concentration)

123
Q

Which are the long-lasting benzodiazepines?

A

Chlordiazepoxide, Chlorazepate, Clonazepam, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Quazepam

124
Q

What type of drug is Flumazenil?

A

Benzodiasepine antagonist

125
Q

What is Flumazenil used for?

A

management of BZ overdose and reversal of sedative effects produced by BZ during therapeutic procedure

126
Q

What is the method of action of Flumazenil?

A

Blocks benzodiazepines and zolpidem, but does not affect barbiturates or ethanol

127
Q

What are some side effects of Flumazenil?

A

Agitation, confusion, dizziness, may precipitate withdrawal

128
Q

Which are the “Z” drugs?

A
  1. Zolpidem
  2. Eszopiclone
  3. Zaleplon
129
Q

What are the “Z” drugs used for?

A

short term management of insomnia, muscle relaxant/ minimal anticonvulsant

130
Q

What is the method of action for the “Z” drugs?

A

structurally unrelated to BDZ but bind to BDZ bding site, selective for GABA receptors with alpha1 subunit, induces more normal sleep cycle than BBT/BDZ

131
Q

What is the method of action for alcohol?

A

Enhances GABA-A receptors=similar to BBT/BDZ, doesn’t bind to the receptor, prevents the influx of Ca2+ into excitatory neurons, lowers the firing rate=inhibition, cognitive impairment/amnesia/inability to learn new information, inhibits glutamate, NMDA most sensitive (hight dose), increases Dopa

132
Q

What are the side effects of alcohol consumption?

A

Mostly liver metabolism with some lung/renal, liver dx/cirrhosis, nutritional deficiency, poor wound healing, increased Cx risk, has effects on all systems tolerance and dependence, teratogenic/CI in preg, many drug interacitons,

133
Q

What are some dental complications from alcohol use?

A

Dental: increased bleeding, glossitis, angular chelitis, decreased metabolims of LA

134
Q

What is disulfram used for?

A

Causes illness when alcohol is consumed as a way to treat alcoholism

135
Q

What happens when you consume alcohol after taking disulfram?

A

vasodilation/flushing, vomiting, sweating, thirst, chest pain, hypotension, weakness, vertigo, inhibits metabolism of phenytoin, chlorodiazepoxide, BBT and others, can produce garlic or metallic taste

136
Q

What is the use for Naltrexone?

A

reduces the urge/enjoyment of the first alcoholic drink as a treatment for alcoholism

137
Q

What is the method of action for Naltrexone?

A

Mu opiod receptor antagonist

138
Q

What is Acamprosate used for?

A

Help maintain absintence for drinking (method of action unknown)

139
Q

What are the opioids used for?

A

Sedation and analgesia

140
Q

What are side effects associated with the opioids?

A

Respiratory depression, reversed by Naloxone

141
Q

Where would you use Chloral hydrate?

A

Pedo clinic

142
Q

What are side effects of Chloral hydrate?

A

no respiratory depression at low/mod dose, with NO=excessive sedation, no reversal, carcinogenic metabolites

143
Q

What is Nitrous Oxide (NO) used for?

A

Analgesia, used as an adjunct with other anesthetic

144
Q

What are HI Antihistamines: Hydroxyzine, Promethazine used for?

A

sedative, anxiolytic

145
Q

What are the side effects of the HI antihistamines Hydroxyzine, Promethazine used for?

A

little respiratory depression

146
Q

What is ketamine used for?

A

Dissociative anesthetic

147
Q

What is the method of action of ketamine?

A

NMDA antagonist

148
Q

What are the side effects of ketamine?

A

no reversal

149
Q

What is midazolam used for?

A

Anterograde amnesia

150
Q

What are the side effects of midazolam?

A

Reversal (Flumazenil) , short, wide safety margin, mile CNS depression

151
Q

What is triazolam used for?

A

Oral sedation

152
Q

What is the method of action of triazolam?

A

0.25mg 1hr before, 30-45min monitoring in operatory can use with NO right before procedure, monitor HR, O2, BP at 5 min

153
Q

What are glucocorticoids used for?

A

affect metabolism and immune system (immunosuppressant), low: prevent flares/non-synovial damage, high: treat flares stop gap when initiatind DMARD

154
Q

What is the method of action of glucocorticoids?

A

Bind intracellular proteins and prevent transcription of pro-inflammatory tf, increase the production of AIA proteins via glucocorticoid response element, inhibit leukotrienes/PG, decrease lymphocytes and Mac migration, ihibit histamine, break down glycogen, redistribute fat (diabetogenic)

155
Q

What are the side effects of glucocorticoids?

A

increased suscetinbility to infection, ulcers, delayed healing, need to gradually stop (neg feedback, body will stop making steroids)

156
Q

What are DMARDs?

A

Disease Modifying Anti-Rhumatic Drugs

157
Q

What is a DMARD we learned about in class?

A

Methotrexate

158
Q

What is methotrexate used for?

A

No analgesia, immunosuppressant

159
Q

What is the method of action of methotrexate?

A

Disrupt D/RNA and protein synthesis, especially rapidly dividing cells (activiated T-lymphocytes) Methotrexate: Disrupts folic acid metabolism, disruption of DNA, RNA and proteins, decrease PMN chemotaxis, lower dose tx: autoimmune disorder, higher: Cx

160
Q

What are side effects of methotrexate use?

A

Bone marrow suppression, GI (ulcerative stomatitis)

161
Q

What is Anti-TNF used for?

A

Alleviates symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis, improves function and halts damage

162
Q

What is the method of action of Anti-TNF?

A

Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine that is present in high quantities in rheumatoid arthritis joints

163
Q

What is the use of Gingko Biloba?

A

used for perpheral vascular dx, dementia, Alzheimers

164
Q

What is a side effect of Gingko Biloba?

A

inhibits platelet activating factor

165
Q

What is a side effect of garlic?

A

Antiplatelet and hypoglycemia

166
Q

What is a side effect of ginseng?

A

Anti platelet, can increase BP with interactions of EPI/levodopa

167
Q

What is a side effect of St John’s wort?

A

Alters metabolism of other drugs, CYP3A/4

168
Q

What is ephedra used for?

A

Weight control

169
Q

What is a side effect of ephedra?

A

Blood pressure

170
Q

What is a side effect of Kava?

A

General anesthesia

171
Q

What is a side effect of valerian?

A

General anesthesia

172
Q

Which supplements should you stop taking 24 hrs before a major invasive procedure?

A

Gingko Biloba, Ephedra, Kava

173
Q

What is valerian used for?

A

Anxiolytic/Sedative

174
Q

What is echinacea used for?

A

Prevents colds

175
Q

What is a side effect of echinacea?

A

Immunosuppression

176
Q

What is a side effect of grapefruit juice?

A

Enzyme inhibition/blocks metabolims of CCB

xD2 Pharm Exam 6 (2 decks)

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