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xD2 Pharm Exam 6 > Drug Chart > Flashcards

Drug Chart Flashcards

1
Q

What type of drug is indomethacin?

A

An Indole (which is an NSAID)

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2
Q

What is indomethacin used for?

A

Suppress uterine contactions in pre-term labor

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3
Q

What is the method of action for indomethacin?

A

Reversible COX inhibition, 4A’s (anti-inflammatory, analgesia, antipyretic,antithrombotic)

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4
Q

What are some side effects of indomethacin?

A
  1. GI complications
  2. Anorexia
  3. Abdominal pain
  4. Ulcers
  5. Frontal headaches (vertigo/dizziness)
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5
Q

What type of drug is Sundilac?

A

A potent indole (which is an NSAID)

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6
Q

What is Sundilac used for?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis, osteoarthritis

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7
Q

What is the method of action for Sundilac?

A

Reversible COX inhibition

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8
Q

What are the side effects associated with Sundilac?

A
  1. GI

2. Headaches (fewer compared to Indomethacin)

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9
Q

What type of drug is Dicloflenac?

A

A potent indole (which is an NSAID)

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10
Q

What is Dicloflenac used for?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis, accumulates in synovial fluid

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11
Q

What is the method of action of Dicloflenac?

A

Reversible COX inhibition

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12
Q

What are the side effects of Dicloflenac?

A
  1. GI (but fewer than the other indoles)
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13
Q

What type of drug is ibuprofen?

A

A proprionic acid derivative (an NSAID)

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14
Q

What is the ibuprofen used for?

A
  1. Rheumatoid Arthritis
  2. Osteoarthritis
  3. Short term pain
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15
Q

What is the method of action of ibuprofen?

A

Reversible COX inhibition

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16
Q

What are the side effect of ibuprofen?

A
  1. Less anti-inflammatory (AIA) than the indoles

2. GI (but better tolerated than indoles)

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17
Q

What type of drug is Naproxen?

A

A proprionic acid derivative (an NSAID)

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18
Q

What is Naproxen used for?

A
  1. Rheumatoid arthritis

2. Osteoarthritis

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19
Q

What is the method of action of Naproxen?

A

Reversible COX inhibition

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20
Q

What are some side effects/other info with Naproxen?

A
  1. Antacids decrease effectiveness

2. Long halflife

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21
Q

What type of drug is Piroxicam?

A

An oxicam (an NSAID)

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22
Q

What is Piroxicam used for?

A
  1. Rheumatoid arthritis

2. Osteoarthritis

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23
Q

What is the method of action of Piroxicam?

A

Reversible COX inhibition

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24
Q

What are some side effects/other info with Piroxicam

A
  1. Better tolerated than other NSAIDS
  2. Long halflife
  3. Some GI
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25
What type of drug is Ketorolac?
An oxicam (an NSAID)
26
What is Ketorolac used for?
1. Acute, post-op pain, | 2. Adjunct in surgery
27
What is the method of action of Ketorolac?
Reversible COX inhibition
28
What are some side effects/other info with Ketorolac?
1. Can replace opiods w/o respiratory despression 2. Need blood work due to platelet inhibition 3. 2-5 day Rx max!
29
What type of drug is Celecoxib?
COX2 Inhibitor
30
What is Celecoxib?
1. RA, osteoarthritis
31
What is the method of action of Celecoxib?
Selective, reversible COX 2 inhibition
32
What type of drug is acetaminophen?
Acetominophen (not a true NSAID)
33
What is acetaminophen used for?
Analgesic, anti-pyretic
34
What is the method of action of acetominophen?
No AIA/no anti-thrombotic, unknown MOA
35
What are side effects associated with acetominophen?
1. Less GI (than NSAIDS) | 2. Metabolized in liver, excreted in urine as conjugate, liver damage when combined with opiods/alcohol
36
What type of drug is N-acetylcysteine?
Acetominophen antidote
37
What is the method of action of N-acetylcysteine?
O2 free radical scavenger, promotes glutathione formation for detox
38
What type of drug is aspirin
Salicylate
39
What is aspirin used for?
1. 4A's (anti-inflammatory, analgesia, antipyretic, antithrombotic) 2. Colds 3. RA 4. Keratolytic agent
40
What is the method of action of aspirin?
1. Acetylation of COX | 2. Irreversibly inhibits COX, inhibit NFkB
41
What is some key information/side effects aspirin?
1. Passive diffusion in stomach 2. Rapid absorption in skin 3. Increase gastric acid 4. Excreted as salicylic acid in urine 5. Ibuprofen use = antagonizes anti-thrombic effect 6. GI ulcers/bleeding 7. Renal/heart failure 8. Increased BP 9. Reyes syndrome (kids), 10. Intoxication leads to tinnitus/hyperventilation 11. Toxic
42
What type of drug is Diflunisal?
Salicylate derivative
43
What are some uses for diflunisal?
Not antipyretic, used for sprains, Rheumatoid Arthritis, osteoarthritis
44
What is the method of action for Diflunisal?
Reversible COX inhibition
45
What are some side effects for Difluinsal?
Less GI and less anti-platelet than NSAIDS
46
What type of drug is Sulfasalazine?
Salicylate
47
What are some uses for Sulfasalazine?
Ulcerative Colitis, regional enteritis to decrease ulcers
48
What is the method of action of Sulfasalazine?
Active metabolite: sulfonamide AIA
49
What type of drug is Salicylic Acid?
Salicylate (duh!)
50
What are some uses for for Salicylic Acid?
Irritating, external use, keratolytic
51
What is the method of action of Salicylic Acid?
not AIA, inhibit NFkB
52
What type of drug is Montelukast?
Leukotriene inhibitor
53
What is Montelukast used for?
Decrease asthma symptoms, broncodilation
54
What is the method of action for Montelukast?
Competitive leukotriene receptor blocker (CD4)
55
What type of drug is dinoprost?
PG Analogs/ Synthetic AA
56
What is dinoprost used for?
intra-amniotic admin, induce abortion after 15wks
57
What is the method of action of dinoprost?
Increase uterine smooth muscle contractions
58
What type of drug is Dinoprostone?
PG Analogs/ Synthetic AA
59
What is dinoprostone used for?
Suppository, induce abortion >28wk, full term labor
60
What is the method of action of dinoprostone?
increase uterine smooth m contractions
61
What type of drug is Misoprostol?
PG Analog/Synthetic AA
62
What is the use of Misoprostol?
Protective agent, given with chronic NSAID use/ulcers
63
What is the method of action of Misoprostol?
inhibits gastric acid , increase mucous secretions
64
What is a contraindication for Misoprostol?
Pregnancy
65
What type of drug is Phenytoin?
Anticonvulsant; inactivates sodium channels
66
What is Phenytoin used for?
1. Tonic-clonic and partial seizures | 2. trigeminal neuralgia
67
What is the method of action of phenytoin?
In seizure, high frequency, repetitive firing occurs, therefore, these drugs act by promoting sustained inactivation.
68
What are some side effects of phenytoin?
Gingival hyperplasia, constipation, nausea, vomiting , darkening of skin, abnormal hair growth, rashes potential teratogenic effects
69
What type of drug is Carbamazepine?
Anticonvulsant; inactivates sodium channels
70
What are some uses for Carbamazepine?
tonic-clonic and partial seizures, trigeminal neuralgia and bipolar disorder
71
What is the method of action for Carbamazepine?
In seizure, high frequency, repetitive firing occurs, therefore, these drugs act by promoting sustained inactivation. Related to TCAs.
72
What are some side effects of carbemazepine?
Dry mouth, stomatitis
73
What type of drug is Oxycarbamazepine?
A prodrug for carbamazepine, an anticonvulsant that inactivates sodium channels
74
What is the method of action for Carbamazepine?
Blocks voltage sensitive Na+ channels and reduces presynaptic glutamate release, same as above
75
What type of drug is valproic acid?
Anticonvulsant; inactivates sodium channels
76
What are some uses for valproic acid?
partial, tonic-clonic, absence and myoclonic seizures
77
What is the method of action of valproic acid?
block voltage gated Na+ channels, also inhibits Ca2+ channels, inhibits GABA transaminase (weak)
78
What are some side effects of valproic acid?
dyspepsia, weight gain, hyperammonemia, potential neural tube defects, with ASA=additive bleeding
79
What type of drug is lamotrigine?
2nd gen, AED, An anticonvulsant that blocks voltage gated Na+ ion channels
80
What is lamotrigine used for?
partial seizures
81
What is the method of action of lamotrigine?
block voltage gated Na+ channels, also inhibits Ca2+ channels, inhibits glutamate transaminase (weak)
82
What are some side effects of lamotrigine?
Life threatening skin reactions, headaches, insomnia, acne. Side effects more common in women
83
What is the method of action of zonisamide?
Blocks voltage gated sodium and calcium channels
84
What type of drug is Felbamate?
2nd gen, AED, An anticonvulsant that blocks voltage gated Na+ ion channels
85
What is the method of action for Felbamate?
Blocks voltage-gated Na+ channel, block glycine site on NMDA receptor
86
What are some side effects of Felbamate?
Hepatotoxicity and aplastic anemia therefore used mostly for refractory seizures
87
What type of drug is Primidone?
A deoxybarbituate, an anticonvulsant that enhances GABA inhibition
88
What is primidone used for?
Complex and simple as well as tonic-clonic seizures
89
What is the method of action of primidone?
positive GABA modulation enhancing opening of GABAA receptor Cl- channels
90
What type of drug is benzodiazepine?
Anticonvulsant: enhance GABA inhibition
91
What is the long- acting benzodiazapines Clonazepam and Chlorazepate used for?
long-term treatment of certain seizures
92
What is the method of action for Clonazapam and Chlorazepate?
positive GABA modulation enhancing opening of GABAA receptor Cl- channels
93
What are the side effects of Clonazapam and Chlorazepate?
sedation, risk of physical dependence
94
What type of drug is gabapentin?
Anticonvulsant: enhance GABA inhibition
95
What is gabapentin used for?
Adjunct therapy for partial seizures; also migraine, chronic pain, bipolar disorder
96
What is the method of action for gabapentin?
Unclear but enhances the release of GABA
97
What are some side effects of gabapentin?
Oral: mucositis, hiccups, nasal obstruction CNS: somnolence, dizziness, ataxia, physical dependence GI: nausea, vomiting, not metabolized, therefore doesn't affect hepatic enzymes and lacks significant drug interactions
98
What type of drug is Tiagabine?
Anticonvulsant: enhance GABA inhibition
99
What is the method of action of Tiagabine?
inhibits GABA reuptake
100
What are some side effects of Tigabine?
confusion, sedation, paresthesias, slurring of speech
101
What type of drug is vigabatrin?
Anticonvulsant: enhance GABA inhibition
102
What is the method of action of vigabatrin?
binds irreversibly to GABA transaminase increasing GABA levels
103
What are the side effects of vigabatrin?
30-60% patients get visual field defects d/t GABA-mediated toxic effects on retinal amercing cells. May cause white matter injury
104
What type of drug is ethosuxamide?
Anticonvulsant: limit Ca2+ channel activity
105
What is ethosuxamide used for?
Absence seizures
106
What is the method of action for ethosuxamide?
Unclear but may reduce Ca++ currents
107
What three drugs block both sodium and calcium ion channels?
1. Lamotrigine 2. Valproic Acid 3. Zonisamide
108
What three anticonvulsant drugs attenuate the glutamate receptor?
1. Felbamate 2. Oxycarbamazepine 3. Lamotrigine
109
What are the ultrashort barbiturates?
1. Thiopentothal | 2. Methohexital
110
What are ultrashort barbiturates used for?
iv anesthetics
111
What is the method of action for barbiturates?
Potentiates actions of endogenous GABA at the receptor, increases mean of channel opening, high (toxic) doses can directly open channel in absence of GABA
112
What are side effects of ultrashort barbiturates?
Low TI, no antagonists, can induce profound tolerance/dependence, highly lipophilic=rapid onset/short duration, can interfere with metabolism, many drug interactions, life threatening withdrawal
113
Which drugs are the short-Intermediate barbiturates?
1. Secobarbital | 2. Pentobarbital
114
What are the short-intermediate barbiturates used for?
Oral or iv anesthetics
115
What are side effects of short-intermediate barbiturates?
low TI, no antagonists, can induce profound tolerance/dependence
116
What are the long-acting barbiturates?
1. Phenobarbital | 2. Mephobarbital
117
What are the long-acting barbiturates used for?
Anticonvulsants
118
What are benzodiazepines used for?
Anxiety, pre-anethetics, anethesia, anticonvulsant, alcohol withdrawl syndrome, conscious sedation, insomnia
119
What is the method of action for benzodiazepines?
Increase # of GABA-A ion (Cl-) channel openings per unit, + modulation
120
Which are the short-ultrashort benzodiazepines?
Midazolam, Oxazepam, Triazolam
121
What are the intermediate benzodiazepines?
Intermediate: Alprazolam, Estazolam, Lorazepam, Temazepam
122
What are some side effects/interactions of the benzodiazepines?
BDZ may decrease effectiveness of Levodopa, increase effectiveness of digoxin, phenytoin, and probencid and compete with antiretrovirals for metabolism (increased plasma concentration)
123
Which are the long-lasting benzodiazepines?
Chlordiazepoxide, Chlorazepate, Clonazepam, Diazepam, Flurazepam, Quazepam
124
What type of drug is Flumazenil?
Benzodiasepine antagonist
125
What is Flumazenil used for?
management of BZ overdose and reversal of sedative effects produced by BZ during therapeutic procedure
126
What is the method of action of Flumazenil?
Blocks benzodiazepines and zolpidem, but does not affect barbiturates or ethanol
127
What are some side effects of Flumazenil?
Agitation, confusion, dizziness, may precipitate withdrawal
128
Which are the "Z" drugs?
1. Zolpidem 2. Eszopiclone 3. Zaleplon
129
What are the "Z" drugs used for?
short term management of insomnia, muscle relaxant/ minimal anticonvulsant
130
What is the method of action for the "Z" drugs?
structurally unrelated to BDZ but bind to BDZ bding site, selective for GABA receptors with alpha1 subunit, induces more normal sleep cycle than BBT/BDZ
131
What is the method of action for alcohol?
Enhances GABA-A receptors=similar to BBT/BDZ, doesn’t bind to the receptor, prevents the influx of Ca2+ into excitatory neurons, lowers the firing rate=inhibition, cognitive impairment/amnesia/inability to learn new information, inhibits glutamate, NMDA most sensitive (hight dose), increases Dopa
132
What are the side effects of alcohol consumption?
Mostly liver metabolism with some lung/renal, liver dx/cirrhosis, nutritional deficiency, poor wound healing, increased Cx risk, has effects on all systems tolerance and dependence, teratogenic/CI in preg, many drug interacitons,
133
What are some dental complications from alcohol use?
Dental: increased bleeding, glossitis, angular chelitis, decreased metabolims of LA
134
What is disulfram used for?
Causes illness when alcohol is consumed as a way to treat alcoholism
135
What happens when you consume alcohol after taking disulfram?
vasodilation/flushing, vomiting, sweating, thirst, chest pain, hypotension, weakness, vertigo, inhibits metabolism of phenytoin, chlorodiazepoxide, BBT and others, can produce garlic or metallic taste
136
What is the use for Naltrexone?
reduces the urge/enjoyment of the first alcoholic drink as a treatment for alcoholism
137
What is the method of action for Naltrexone?
Mu opiod receptor antagonist
138
What is Acamprosate used for?
Help maintain absintence for drinking (method of action unknown)
139
What are the opioids used for?
Sedation and analgesia
140
What are side effects associated with the opioids?
Respiratory depression, reversed by Naloxone
141
Where would you use Chloral hydrate?
Pedo clinic
142
What are side effects of Chloral hydrate?
no respiratory depression at low/mod dose, with NO=excessive sedation, no reversal, carcinogenic metabolites
143
What is Nitrous Oxide (NO) used for?
Analgesia, used as an adjunct with other anesthetic
144
What are HI Antihistamines: Hydroxyzine, Promethazine used for?
sedative, anxiolytic
145
What are the side effects of the HI antihistamines Hydroxyzine, Promethazine used for?
little respiratory depression
146
What is ketamine used for?
Dissociative anesthetic
147
What is the method of action of ketamine?
NMDA antagonist
148
What are the side effects of ketamine?
no reversal
149
What is midazolam used for?
Anterograde amnesia
150
What are the side effects of midazolam?
Reversal (Flumazenil) , short, wide safety margin, mile CNS depression
151
What is triazolam used for?
Oral sedation
152
What is the method of action of triazolam?
0.25mg 1hr before, 30-45min monitoring in operatory can use with NO right before procedure, monitor HR, O2, BP at 5 min
153
What are glucocorticoids used for?
affect metabolism and immune system (immunosuppressant), low: prevent flares/non-synovial damage, high: treat flares stop gap when initiatind DMARD
154
What is the method of action of glucocorticoids?
Bind intracellular proteins and prevent transcription of pro-inflammatory tf, increase the production of AIA proteins via glucocorticoid response element, inhibit leukotrienes/PG, decrease lymphocytes and Mac migration, ihibit histamine, break down glycogen, redistribute fat (diabetogenic)
155
What are the side effects of glucocorticoids?
increased suscetinbility to infection, ulcers, delayed healing, need to gradually stop (neg feedback, body will stop making steroids)
156
What are DMARDs?
Disease Modifying Anti-Rhumatic Drugs
157
What is a DMARD we learned about in class?
Methotrexate
158
What is methotrexate used for?
No analgesia, immunosuppressant
159
What is the method of action of methotrexate?
Disrupt D/RNA and protein synthesis, especially rapidly dividing cells (activiated T-lymphocytes) Methotrexate: Disrupts folic acid metabolism, disruption of DNA, RNA and proteins, decrease PMN chemotaxis, lower dose tx: autoimmune disorder, higher: Cx
160
What are side effects of methotrexate use?
Bone marrow suppression, GI (ulcerative stomatitis)
161
What is Anti-TNF used for?
Alleviates symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis, improves function and halts damage
162
What is the method of action of Anti-TNF?
Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine that is present in high quantities in rheumatoid arthritis joints
163
What is the use of Gingko Biloba?
used for perpheral vascular dx, dementia, Alzheimers
164
What is a side effect of Gingko Biloba?
inhibits platelet activating factor
165
What is a side effect of garlic?
Antiplatelet and hypoglycemia
166
What is a side effect of ginseng?
Anti platelet, can increase BP with interactions of EPI/levodopa
167
What is a side effect of St John's wort?
Alters metabolism of other drugs, CYP3A/4
168
What is ephedra used for?
Weight control
169
What is a side effect of ephedra?
Blood pressure
170
What is a side effect of Kava?
General anesthesia
171
What is a side effect of valerian?
General anesthesia
172
Which supplements should you stop taking 24 hrs before a major invasive procedure?
Gingko Biloba, Ephedra, Kava
173
What is valerian used for?
Anxiolytic/Sedative
174
What is echinacea used for?
Prevents colds
175
What is a side effect of echinacea?
Immunosuppression
176
What is a side effect of grapefruit juice?
Enzyme inhibition/blocks metabolims of CCB

xD2 Pharm Exam 6 (2 decks)

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