Drug Admin, Absorbtion & Distribution

Question 1

What are the two main types of administration

Answer 1

Enteral and parenteral

Question 2

What are the enteral routes

Question 3

What are the parenteral routes

Question 4

Example of drug for sublingual route

Answer 4

Nitroglycerin

Question 5

Where are gluteal injections administered and why

Answer 5

Upper lateral quadrant
To avoid puncture of the sciatic nerve

Question 6

What’s the most common parenteral route

Answer 6

IV through the antecubital vein in the cubical fossa

Question 7

At what angle are intermuscular drugs given

Answer 7

90

Question 8

At what angle are IV drugs given

Answer 8

45

Question 9

What’s the fastes route of drug administration

Answer 9

IV

Question 10

At what angle are subcutaneous drugs given

Answer 10

15

Question 11

Example of subcutaneous drug

Answer 11

Insulin

Question 12

At what angle are I trader Mal injections given

Answer 12

<15

Question 13

What’s the slowest route of drug administration

Answer 13

Intradermal

Question 14

What’s the intrathecal route of drug administration

Answer 14

Given into the CSF though the spine

Question 15

What’s the second fastest route of drug administration

Answer 15

Inhalational

Question 16

Difference between intradermal and transdermal

Answer 16

Intradermal are injected while transdermal is through pat hes

Question 17

Example of inhalational drug

Answer 17

Salbutamol (asthma)

Question 18

What is drug absorption

Answer 18

Transfer of drugs from site of administration to blood stream

Question 19

Mechanisms of drug absorption

Answer 19

Passive diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Osmosis

Question 20

Factors affecting drug absorption

Answer 20

Route of administration
Solubility of drug
Concentration
pH
Blood flow
Surface area of absorption site
Contact time of absorption site
Presence of P- Glycoprotein

Question 21

What kind of drugs are absorbed faster and why

Answer 21

Lipophilic drugs are absorbed fatter than hydrophilic drugs
Because of the lipid cell membrane

Question 22

How does concentration affect the absorption?

Answer 22

The higher, the concentration of the faster, the absorption

Question 23

Example of an acidic drug

Answer 23

Paracetamol
Aspirin

Question 24

How does the pH of a drug affect the absorption?

Answer 24

An acidic drug will be absorbed faster in an acidic environments and vice versa

Question 25

How does the blood flow affects drug absorption?

Answer 25

 The higher, the vascularization, the faster, the absorption

Question 26

How does the surface area of the absorption site affects the absorption?

Answer 26

The greater the surface area the faster the absorption

Question 27

How does contact time  at the site of absorption affects the rate of absorption?

Answer 27

Usually for oral drugs, the higher the Contacts time the faster the absorption

Question 28

What kind of affects the contact time at the site of absorption?

Answer 28

 Diarrhea Presence of food

Question 29

What is transit time?

Answer 29

 The time taken for a drug to pass through the GIT

Question 30

How does the transit time of a drug affect the absorption?

Answer 30

The longer the transit time is the higher the absorption

Question 31

How does diarrhea and presence of food affect rate of absorption

Answer 31

Presence of food increases the contact time hence increases in the rate of absorption Diarrhea reduces the contacts time hence reduces the rate of absorption

Question 32

Which route of administration has an unpredictable rate of absorption

Answer 32

Rectal route

Question 33

How does P glycoprotein affect rate of absorption?

Answer 33

It’s reduces the rate of absorption because it’s a shuttles the drugs back out

Question 34

What’s the order of the rate of absorption in different sites of the body

Answer 34

Muscle — Skin — Gut

Question 35

What’s the order of the rate of drug absorption via different forms of administration

Question 36

What is drug distribution

Answer 36

Recyclation of drugs within the systemic circulation

Question 37

What factors affect the rate of drug distribution

Answer 37

Solubility of drug pH Binding to plasma membrane Binding to tissues Organ/Tissue Size and perfusion Age Pregnancy Diet Disease state Drug interactions

Question 38

How does the solubility of a drug affect its distribution

Answer 38

Hydrophobic drugs have higher distribution

Question 39

How does pH affect drug distribution

Answer 39

An acidic drug would be distributed better in an acidic environment and vice versa

Question 40

How does binding to a plasma protein affect drug distribution

Answer 40

Binding strongly to a plasma protein would reduce the rate of distribution of the drug Stronger the bond, slower the distribution

Question 41

How does drugs binding to tissues affect it’s distribution

Answer 41

(Some) Tissues have the ability to hoard drugs hence the stronger the bond, the slower the distribution

Question 42

How does organ size and reperfusion affect drug distribution

Answer 42

Organs like liver brain kidney heart that have large blood perfusion, have more drug distribution

Question 43

How does age affect the distribution of drugs

Answer 43

With age, there increase fat , hence adults have lower distribution that kinds and need higher doses (Except extremely old individuals)

Question 44

How does pregnancy affect drug distribution

Answer 44

pregnancy also increases fat accumulation , and need for distribution to extra tissue (amniotic sac which also hoard drugs) hence lower distribution

Question 45

How does diet affect drug distribution

Answer 45

Malnutrition reduces distribution

Question 46

How does disease state affect drug distribution

Answer 46

Heart failure for instance reduce drug distribution

Question 47

What is a measure of drug absorption

Answer 47

Bioavailability

Question 48

What is bioavailability

Answer 48

The amount of the administers drug or rate of drug that reached systemic circulation

Question 49

What are the types of bioavailability

Answer 49

Absolute bioavailability Relative bioavailability

Question 50

What is absolute bioavailability

Answer 50

Comparing the absolute rate when given orally to when given via IV A.B = AUC oral/AUC IV x 100%

Question 51

What is relative bioavailability

Answer 51

Comparison of the rate of absorption of 2 separate drugs given through the same site RB= AUC of drugA/AUC of standard drug x 100%

Question 52

What is bioequivalency

Answer 52

When the difference between the relative bioavailability of 2 drugs is within 20% , they’re bioequivalent

Question 53

How do you measure the volume of drug distribution

Answer 53

Dose/conc at 0 time