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pharmacology fpp > Drug Admin, Absorbtion & Distribution > Flashcards

Drug Admin, Absorbtion & Distribution Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main types of administration

A

Enteral and parenteral

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2
Q

What are the enteral routes

A
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3
Q

What are the parenteral routes

A
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4
Q

Example of drug for sublingual route

A

Nitroglycerin

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5
Q

Where are gluteal injections administered and why

A

Upper lateral quadrant
To avoid puncture of the sciatic nerve

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6
Q

What’s the most common parenteral route

A

IV through the antecubital vein in the cubical fossa

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7
Q

At what angle are intermuscular drugs given

A

90

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8
Q

At what angle are IV drugs given

A

45

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9
Q

What’s the fastes route of drug administration

A

IV

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10
Q

At what angle are subcutaneous drugs given

A

15

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11
Q

Example of subcutaneous drug

A

Insulin

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12
Q

At what angle are I trader Mal injections given

A

<15

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13
Q

What’s the slowest route of drug administration

A

Intradermal

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14
Q

What’s the intrathecal route of drug administration

A

Given into the CSF though the spine

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15
Q

What’s the second fastest route of drug administration

A

Inhalational

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16
Q

Difference between intradermal and transdermal

A

Intradermal are injected while transdermal is through pat hes

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17
Q

Example of inhalational drug

A

Salbutamol (asthma)

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18
Q

What is drug absorption

A

Transfer of drugs from site of administration to blood stream

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19
Q

Mechanisms of drug absorption

A

Passive diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Osmosis

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20
Q

Factors affecting drug absorption

A

Route of administration
Solubility of drug
Concentration
pH
Blood flow
Surface area of absorption site
Contact time of absorption site
Presence of P- Glycoprotein

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21
Q

What kind of drugs are absorbed faster and why

A

Lipophilic drugs are absorbed fatter than hydrophilic drugs
Because of the lipid cell membrane

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22
Q

How does concentration affect the absorption?

A

The higher, the concentration of the faster, the absorption

23
Q

Example of an acidic drug

A

Paracetamol
Aspirin

24
Q

How does the pH of a drug affect the absorption?

A

An acidic drug will be absorbed faster in an acidic environments and vice versa

25
Q

How does the blood flow affects drug absorption?

A

 The higher, the vascularization, the faster, the absorption

26
Q

How does the surface area of the absorption site affects the absorption?

A

The greater the surface area the faster the absorption

27
Q

How does contact time  at the site of absorption affects the rate of absorption?

A

Usually for oral drugs, the higher the Contacts time the faster the absorption

28
Q

What kind of affects the contact time at the site of absorption?

A


Diarrhea
Presence of food

29
Q

What is transit time?

A

 The time taken for a drug to pass through the GIT

30
Q

How does the transit time of a drug affect the absorption?

A

The longer the transit time is the higher the absorption

31
Q

How does diarrhea and presence of food affect rate of absorption

A

Presence of food increases the contact time hence increases in the rate of absorption

Diarrhea reduces the contacts time hence reduces the rate of absorption

32
Q

Which route of administration has an unpredictable rate of absorption

A

Rectal route

33
Q

How does P glycoprotein affect rate of absorption?

A

It’s reduces the rate of absorption because it’s a shuttles the drugs back out

34
Q

What’s the order of the rate of absorption in different sites of the body

A

Muscle — Skin — Gut

35
Q

What’s the order of the rate of drug absorption via different forms of administration

A
36
Q

What is drug distribution

A

Recyclation of drugs within the systemic circulation

37
Q

What factors affect the rate of drug distribution

A

Solubility of drug
pH
Binding to plasma membrane
Binding to tissues
Organ/Tissue Size and perfusion
Age
Pregnancy
Diet
Disease state
Drug interactions

38
Q

How does the solubility of a drug affect its distribution

A

Hydrophobic drugs have higher distribution

39
Q

How does pH affect drug distribution

A

An acidic drug would be distributed better in an acidic environment and vice versa

40
Q

How does binding to a plasma protein affect drug distribution

A

Binding strongly to a plasma protein would reduce the rate of distribution of the drug

Stronger the bond, slower the distribution

41
Q

How does drugs binding to tissues affect it’s distribution

A

(Some) Tissues have the ability to hoard drugs hence the stronger the bond, the slower the distribution

42
Q

How does organ size and reperfusion affect drug distribution

A

Organs like liver brain kidney heart that have large blood perfusion, have more drug distribution

43
Q

How does age affect the distribution of drugs

A

With age, there increase fat , hence adults have lower distribution that kinds and need higher doses
(Except extremely old individuals)

44
Q

How does pregnancy affect drug distribution

A

pregnancy also increases fat accumulation , and need for distribution to extra tissue (amniotic sac which also hoard drugs) hence lower distribution

45
Q

How does diet affect drug distribution

A

Malnutrition reduces distribution

46
Q

How does disease state affect drug distribution

A

Heart failure for instance reduce drug distribution

47
Q

What is a measure of drug absorption

A

Bioavailability

48
Q

What is bioavailability

A

The amount of the administers drug or rate of drug that reached systemic circulation

49
Q

What are the types of bioavailability

A

Absolute bioavailability
Relative bioavailability

50
Q

What is absolute bioavailability

A

Comparing the absolute rate when given orally to when given via IV

A.B = AUC oral/AUC IV x 100%

51
Q

What is relative bioavailability

A

Comparison of the rate of absorption of 2 separate drugs given through the same site

RB=
AUC of drugA/AUC of standard drug x 100%

52
Q

What is bioequivalency

A

When the difference between the relative bioavailability of 2 drugs is within 20% , they’re bioequivalent

53
Q

How do you measure the volume of drug distribution

A

Dose/conc at 0 time

pharmacology fpp (4 decks)

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