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BDS2 BAMS - Pharmacology and therapeutics > Drug action > Flashcards

Drug action Flashcards

1
Q

What is a drug

A

“external substance that acts on living tissue to produce a measurable change in the function of that tissue”

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2
Q

What is the difference between effects and side effects

A

effects - effects you want

side effects - effects you don’t want

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3
Q

what do local anaestheics do

A

prevent pain

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4
Q

what do antimicrobials do

A

treat and prevent infections

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5
Q

what do anxiolytics do

A

reduce anxiety

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6
Q

what do analgesics do

A

reduce postoperative pain

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7
Q

What can drugs do?

A
  • simulate normal body communications
  • interrupt normal body communications
  • act on non-host organisms to aid body defences
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8
Q

where do hormone messages affect

A

all tissues

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9
Q

where do neural messages affect

A

specific tissues

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10
Q

name 4 types of hormones

A

thyroid hormones
insulin
cortisol
sex hormones

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11
Q

what do thyroid hormones do

A

balance body’s metabolism

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12
Q

too much thyroid hormone?

A

hyperthyroidism

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13
Q

too little thyroid hormone?

A

hypothyroidism

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14
Q

effects of inbalance of thyroid hormone?

A

cold intolerant
slow mentation
hair loss
slow pulse and low bp

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15
Q

what does the thyroxine tablet do

A

replaces missing T3 and T4

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16
Q

where does the thyroxine table act on

A

directly on tissues - no direct effect on thyroid gland

17
Q

What is the nerve control of the heart rate

A

Sympathetic - adrenergic stimulation
Speeds up the heart via Beta-receptors

Parasympathetic - cholinergic stimulation
Slows the heart via cholinergic receptors

18
Q

What are the ‘autonomic’ drugs and what do they do

A

epinephrine - beta agonist
atenolol - beta blocker

pilocarpine - cholinergic agonist
atropine - cholinergic blocker

19
Q

how do drugs interact with tissues

A

receptors
enzymes
ion channels

20
Q

why are receptors by themselves not enough to cause a change by a drug

A

because they are coupled to ion channels/ G proteins/ enzymes/ gene transcription ?

21
Q

What are the two components to drug-receptor interactions

A

drug-receptor interaction (affinity and occupancy)

drug reduced response (efficacy)

22
Q

What does affinity mean?

A

how keen drug and receptor are to be together

23
Q

What does occupancy mean?

A

time they are together

24
Q

What does efficacy mean?

A

the effect output of affinity and occupancy. E.g. high affinity and high occupancy gives high efficacy

25
Q

what is the law of mass action?

A

the principle that the rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the concentrations of the reacting substances

26
Q

What is an agonist

A

fits to receptor and causes the effect you want the drug to cause

27
Q

what is an antagonist

A

fits to the receptor but doesn’t cause an effect - blocks receptor

28
Q

whats a partial agonist

A

binds and causes a bit of change

29
Q

what effects can you get with partial agonists

A

more difficult to produce the drug/receptor effect than with an agonist. Increase partial agonist conc will improve efficacy for some but not for others

30
Q

What are the different types of antagonist

A

competitive and non-competitive

31
Q

what are the different types of responses you can get with antagonists

A

reversible
Antagonist effect reduced by increasing the
concentration of the agonist
Example: atenolol (β1 blocker)

irreversibe
Binds and reduces available receptors for the agonist
Example: phenoxybenzamine (α1 blocker)

32
Q

why can partial agonists be particularly helpful

A

by changing the conc you can change the response

33
Q

Enzymes

What is substrate antagonism

A

?

34
Q

Enzymes

What is reversible enzyme modification

A

(?)The other method of control is called reversible covalent modification. This involves the addition or removal of some type of group, most commonly the phosphoryl group, onto or from the enzyme. The addition of phosphoryl groups involves the use of ATP (energy source) and requires a protein called protein kinase

35
Q

Enzymes

What is irreversible modification

A

(?) Probably do to with the protein being changed permanently

36
Q

2 examples of drugs where enzymes have an effect

A

aspirin and simvastatin

37
Q

How do ions affect D/R interactions?

2 examples?

A

electrical activity
ion influx

LAs and anti-diabetic drugs

38
Q

can both agonists and antagonists be competitiative?

A

yes - occupancy and affinity affect efficacy

39
Q

how do drugs act

A

through:
receptors on cells
influencing enzyme action
disruption of ion conduction channels

BDS2 BAMS - Pharmacology and therapeutics (3 decks)

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