Drug Action

Question 1

Pharmaceutic phase

Answer 1

Drug becomes a solution so that it can cross the biologic membrane.

Question 2

Disintegration

Answer 2

Breakdown of the tablet into smaller part

Question 3

Dissolution

Answer 3

Is the dissolving of the smaller particles in the GI fluid before absorption

Question 4

Rate limit

Answer 4

Is the time it takes the drug to disintegrate and dissolve to become available for the body to absorb it.

Question 5

Passive absorption

Answer 5

Occurs mostly by diffusion ( movement from high concentration to low concentration) & it doesn’t required energy.

Question 6

Active absorption.

Answer 6

Requires an enzyme or a protein to move the drug against concentration gradient. Energy is required.

Question 7

Pinocytosis

Answer 7

Cells carry a drug across their membrane by engulfing the drug particles

Question 8

First pass effect (hepatic first pass)

Answer 8

The process in which the drug passes to the liver first where is partially metabolized prior reaching the target.
Ex. Coumadin ( warfarin )
Morphine

Question 9

Bioavailability

Answer 9

Subcategory of absorption.
It is the percentage of the administered drug dose that reaches the systematic circulation. Once it has been released from the protein bound.

Question 10

Distribution

Answer 10

Is the process in which the drugs becomes available to body fluids and body tissues

Question 11

Free drugs (drugs not bound to protein)

Answer 11

Are the drugs available to receptors and responsible for causing a. Pharmacological response.

Question 12

Half life ( t1/2)

Answer 12

Is the time it takes for one half of the drug concentration to be eliminated.

Question 13

Notes to remember.

Answer 13

Drugs that are lipid soluble and nonionized are absorbed faster than water soluble and ionized drugs.

Question 14

Metabolism

Answer 14

It occurs in the GI and liver ,but the liver is the primary site.
The liver transform by hepatic enzymes to inactive metabolites and lipid soluble drugs to water soluble substance for renal excretion.

Question 15

The urine ph influence in Excretion or elimination

Answer 15

Urine ph varies from 4.5-8.
Acidic urine promotes elimination of weak bases drugs.
Aspirin a weak acid is excreted rapidly in alkaline urine.

Question 16

Creatinine clearance ( CLcr) test.

Answer 16

The most accurate test to determine renal function.
Creatinine is a metabolic by product of muscle excreted through the kidneys.
It compares the levels of creatinine in the urine with creatinine in the blood

Question 17

Normal creatinine clearance

Answer 17

85-135 ml/ min

Older adults may have a creatinine clearance of 60 ml/ min due to a decrease on muscle mass.

Question 18

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 18

The study of drug concentration and it’s effects on the body.

Question 19

Dose response?

Answer 19

Is the relationship between the maximal versus minimal amount of drug dose needed to produce the desire drug response.

Question 20

Onset of action

Answer 20

Is the time it takes to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC) after the drug is administered.

Question 21

Peak action.

Answer 21

Occurs when the drug reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration.

Question 22

Duration of action.

Answer 22

Is the length of the time the drug has a pharmacological effect.

Question 23

Receptors or drug binding sites.

Answer 23

Drug binding sites:
Proteins, glycoproteins,proteolipids, and enzymes

Receptor families:
Kinase linked receptors, ligand-gated receptors, G protein coupled receptor systems, nuclear receptors.

Question 24

Ligand binding domain

Answer 24

Is the site on the receptor at which the drug binds.

Question 25

Kinase-linked receptors

Answer 25

The drug binding is on the cell surface. The drug activates the enzyme inside the cell and response is initiated.

Question 26

Ligand gated ion gates.

Answer 26

The channel opens allowing for the flow of ions into and out of the cell.the ions are primarily sodium and calcium.

Question 27

Nuclear receptors

Answer 27

Found in the nucleus ( not con the surface) of the cell membrane. Activations of receptors through transcription factors is prolonged.

Question 28

Idiosyncratic effect

Answer 28

Is unexpected and may be individual to a client. | Underesponse or overesponse of a drug.

Question 29

Additive effect

Answer 29

When two of the same types of drug increase the action of each other.

Question 30

Synergistic effect

Answer 30

Occurs when two different drugs increase the action of each other

Question 31

Iatrogenic disease

Answer 31

Disease cause unintentionally by medical therapy or by drug therapy.

Question 32

Receptors

Answer 32

Drug specific target usually a protein located on the surface of a cell membrane or within the cell.

Question 33

Nonspecific drugs

Answer 33

A drug that stimulates all anatomic sites of a specific receptor. Ex. Cholinergic receptor sites Eye, heart, blood vessels, stomach, bronchus,and bladder would have a pharmacological effect

Question 34

Nonselective drugs

Answer 34

Drugs that affect various receptors Ex. Dopamine, histamine, acetylcholine,and norepinephrine receptors.

Question 35

Peak drug level

Answer 35

Is the highest plasma concentration of a drug at a specific time. Peak drug level indicates the rate absorption.

Question 36

Trough drug level

Answer 36

Lowest plasma concentration of a drug. It measures the rate in which the drug is eliminated. Drawn immediately b4 the next dose is administer.