Drug Abuse Flashcards
Which substances are prohibited?
- anabolic agents
- peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances and mimetics
- beta-2 agonists
- hormone and metabolic modulators
- diuretics and masking agents
Which methods are prohibited?
- manipulation of blood and blood components
- chemical and physical
- gene doping
Which substances and methods are prohibited in-competition?
- stimulants
- narcotics
- cannabinoids
- glucocorticoids
Which substances are prohibited in particular sports?
- alcohol
- beta-blockers
- narcotics
- cannabinoids
- glucocorticoids
What is the function of IGF-I?
- stimulates cell proliferation
- inhibits protein breakdown
- ability to cause differentiation and proliferation of satellite cells
What is IGF-I?
- 70 AA polypeptide
- gene: 6 exons, 2 promoter regions
- released from liver under control of GH
- 7 binding proteins regulate its action
- also produced locally
- IGF-I receptor
What does direct infusion of IGF-I into muscle of mice cause?
Muscle growth
What is gene doping?
Misuse of gene therapy.
“The non-therapeutic use of genes, genetic elements and/or cells that have the capacity to enhance athletic performance”
WADA 2001
What is the principle of gene therapy?
- delivery to a cell of a therapeutic gene which may correct an abnormal gene
- directed primarily at single gene disorders (muscular dystrophy, CF, etc)
Which genes increase O2 utilisation?
- PGC-1a(lpha)
- PPARd(elta)
- PEPCK
Which genes improve O2 delivery?
- EPO
- VEGF
Which genes improve muscle mass strength?
- IGF-I
- myostatin
What are TUEs?
Therapeutic exemption certificates.
Where med is prescribed + formally declared for bonafide medical reasons (e.g. asthma and beta-2 agonists)
What is L-carnitine?
Nutritional supplement.
- not illegal but q’s over administration e.g. oral vs injection, size of injected
- inv in mito FA translocation (sub. for carnitine palmitoyl-transferase-1)
- during high intensity exercise, formation of acetylcarnitine is essential for maintenance of a viable pool of free co-enzyme A, thereby enabling PDC and TCA flux to continue
- reduces reliance on aerobic metabolism
What is melodonium?
Metabolic modulator.
Found in Maria Sharapova - tennis player
What is Salbutamol?
Beta-2 agonist and legal asthma drug.
Going in Chris Froome - top cyclist
Had 2x permitted level in urine sample
What happens to protein balance in normal conditions?
protein synthesis (MPS) = protein breakdown (MPB)
What happens to protein balance in anabolism?
Muscle growth.
Increase in MPS, decrease in MPB - or both (net gain)
What happens to protein balance in catabolism?
Muscle atrophy.
Decrease in MPS, increase in MPB - or both (net loss)
What are some dangerous side effects of AAS?
- HA or stroke
- liver of kidney tumours
- hypertension
- blood clots
What is EPO?
- glycoprotein produced by kidney in response to low o2
- stimulates BM to make RBCs
- synthetic EPO sold as a rescue medicine for treating anemia in end-stage kidney disease, when production of EPO declines
- increase in RBC number facilitates o2 transport
- increases vo2 max and endurance performance
- risk of increased viscosity of blood (increased risk of HA and stroke)
What limits vo2 max?
O2 carrying capacity
What is myostatin gene (GDF-8)?
A negative regulator of muscle mass
What does lack of myosin result in?
Excessive muscle growth but impaired force generation
