Drug abuse 2 Flashcards

Question

Nicotine: Pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

``` • Absorption via oral mucosa of lung, GI mucosa, skin • Crosses placental membrane • Secreted in milk of lactating women • Metabolism in lung, liver – Cotinine major metabolite • Urinary excretion ```

Answer 2

* Irritability * Tremors * Intestinal cramps/diarrhea * Increased heart rate * Increased blood pressure

Answer 3

Toxicity • Central respiratory paralysis • Severe hypotension caused by medullary paralysis ``` Withdrawal • Peak 1-2 days after quitting and then decreases over a period of weeks – Irritability – Anxiety – Restlessness, frustration – Difficulty concentrating – Headache – Insomnia ```

Answer 4

• Treatment of idiopathic apnea of prematurity (caffeine citrate) Neonates. • Emergency stimulant in acute circulatory failure; diuretic; treatment of spinal puncture headaches (caffeine sodium benzoate) Adults. • Adjuvant for analgesics – Has some mild analgesic properties • Do not interchange the caffeine citrate salt formulation with the caffeine sodium benzoate formulation Other Uses • Most widely consumed stimulant in world

Answer 5

``` • Methylxanthine • Source: coffee, tea, cola drinks, chocolate candy, cocoa, chewing gum • Mechanism of action – Translocation of extracellular calcium – ↑ cAMP, cGMP via inhibition of PDE – blockade of adenosine receptors ```

Answer 6

``` – ↓ fatigue – ↑mental alertness → via stimulation of cortex – ↑ anxiety – ↑ tremors – ↑spinal cord stimulation (2-5 g caffeine) – Lethal dose: cardiac arrhythmias (100 cups of coffee, 10 g) ```

Answer 7

– Mild diuretic action – At high doses: positive inotropic/chronotropic effects on heart – ↑secretion of gastric HCl Moderate doses: insomnia, anxiety, agitation – High doses: emesis, convulsions

Answer 8

``` • Agonist at 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 • Hallucinations with brilliant colors and mood alteration occurs • Adverse effects: hyperreflexia, nausea, muscle weakness; Increased BP, HR, mydriasis • Flashbacks (days to 1 yr) • Not considered a drug of abuse • Neuroleptic therapy with drugs such as Haloperidol block hallucinations ```

Answer 9

``` Antagonizes glutamate action • Anticholinergic activity • Dissociative anesthesia (insensitivity to pain without loss of consciousness), (PCP, an analog of ketamine – Extremity numbness – Staggered gait – Slurred speech – Muscular rigidity – Blood pressure, heart rate increase – Nausea/vomiting – Violent behaviours/suicidal – Seizures ```

Answer 10

``` • Street names: Shrooms,caps, divine flesh, magic mushrooms • Psilobycin, Psilocin • 20 min – 6 hr – Dilated pupils, confusion, vertigo – Exhilaration, laughter, hallucinations – Tachycardia, hypertension – Nausea, Vomiting • Treatment: Activated charcoal, diazepam ```

Answer 11

Native American Church: Practiced predominantly by Apache, Navajo and Plains Tribes. • Involves the use of Peyote in ceremonies – small, spineless cactus(Lophophora williamsii) found in the southwestern US and northern Mexico. – Contains a number of phenethylamine alkaloids, of which the principal one is mescaline • Ingested as dried buttons, which are the round fleshy tops of the cactus. Or as a powder and prepared as a tea. • Mescaline produces effects similar to LSD, but is not as potent. • Peyote may be used legally in the US by members of the Native American Church, it is otherwise restricted under the US Controlled Substances Act.

Answer 12

* Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) metabolized to 11-OH-Δ9-THC * Euphoria followed by drowsiness/relaxation * Receptors found in basal ganglia, hippocampus, cerebellum * Impairs short-term memory and mental activity * Visual hallucinations, delusions * ↑Increased heart rate * “munchies” * Tolerance, withdrawal, addiction possible * Highly lipophilic

Answer 13

• Dronabinol: – Used to treat severe nausea and pain caused by some diseases such as AIDS and cancer as well as an appetite stimulant “Medical Marijuana” • Marijuana (dried plant material) vs. Hashish (exuded resinous material from plant)-Hash oil (liquid extract from plant material) LIPOPHILIC

Answer 14

New Kid on the block, deaths reported in WV • W.Va. man charged with wife’s drug death • Dec. 06, 2013 @ 07:34 AM The Associated Press CHARLESTON, W.Va. (AP) — A West Virginia man has been charged with first-degree murder for allegedly providing a synthetic hallucinogenic drug to his wife that led to her death. According to the Charleston Gazette, a court affidavit reveals that 35-year-old Todd Anthony Honaker of Left Hand believed he was buying LSD, but instead gave his wife an experimental drug. Honaker told police his wife, Renee, took a dose of the drug and began convulsing. The Roane County woman died March 1. An autopsy determined that Honaker’s wife died from abusing a synthetic hallucinogen known as 25b- NBOMe. • 5HT2A agonist • Agitation and hallucinations • Tachycardia and hypertension • May require physical restraints and treatment with intravenous benzodiazepine. • Prolonged periods of aggressive behavior.

Answer 15

Volatile Solvents paint thinner nail polish remover spray paint Aerosols deodorant hair products cooking products Gases refrigerants Nitrous Oxide Nitrites “poppers"