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developmental biology > drosophila > Flashcards

drosophila Flashcards

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1
Q

how long is the drosophila life cycle at 25 degrees

A

10 days

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2
Q

DEFINE: heredity

A

the genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring

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3
Q

the drosophila genome consists of 143,726,002 bp. there are 137.6 million bp on the 7 chromosome arms. where are the remaining 1.5 million bp located?

A

heterochromatin regions

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4
Q

is drosophila courtship innate or learned behaviour?

A

innate

- isolate flies for a long period of time then expose to flies —> courtship behaviour occurs

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5
Q

describe the process of spermatogenesis

A
  • tip of testes contains hub cells
  • hub cells secrete factors (e.g. unpaired) promoting stem cell fate
  • stem cells adjacent to hub + surrounds the hub
  • cells further away from the hub differentiate into somatic cyst cells ——-> sperm
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6
Q

what is endo-reduplication?

A

dna replication without cytokinesis

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7
Q

which part of the ovary stores sperm in drosophila?

A

seminal receptacle

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8
Q

stem cell maintenance in ovarioles

A
  1. stem cell undergoes 4 cystoblast mitotic divisions
  2. selection of future oocyte and nurse cells
  3. egg activation by meiosis I and II
  4. sperm fuses with female pronucleus of oocyte
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9
Q

what are nurse cells?

A

huge support cells in the ovarioles that undergo endo-reduplication —> contains many genome copies —-> maternal contributions

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10
Q

polytene chromosomes

A

sister chromatids lying parallel to each other as a result of duplicated dna not being separated into separate cells

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11
Q

describe the process of cytoplasmic dumping in the ovarioles

A
  1. nurse cells’ cytoplasm is packed with maternal gene products and proteins
  2. mRNAs and proteins e.g. oskar move from nurse cells into developing oocyte via ring canals
  3. nurse cells shrivel and die
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12
Q

what are ring canals?

A

holes linking up nurse cells

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13
Q

how does the subcellular localisation of maternal factors occur?

A

localised by cytoskeleton - maternal factors are transported via microtubule transport using + and - ended motors

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14
Q

describe early embryonic developmental processes of drosophila embryo

A
  1. male and female pronucleus fuse
  2. nucleus divides for 14 stages without egg division (using materials laid down by nurse cells) —> results in syncytium
  3. nuclei migrate to periphery of cytoplasm. few nuclei remaining in the middle end up in yolk.
  4. each nucleus separates into their own cell to form somatic nuclei
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15
Q

DEFINE: imaginal discs

A

structures of columnar epithelial cells remaining diploid throughout larval development. where most adult tissues arise from.

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16
Q

where is patched expressed on the wing imaginal disc?

A

on the boundary between the anterior compartment and posterior compartment

17
Q

where is wingless expressed on the wing imaginal disc?

A

dorsal-ventral boundary of wing disc

18
Q

what is engrailed and what is its role in patterning the wing?

A
  • transcription factor located in nucleus
  • expressed in posterior compartment of wing imaginal disc
  • drives Hh expression
  • suppresses Ci expression so prevents cells in posterior compartment from responding to Hh signalling
19
Q

describe the dpp signalling pathway

A
  1. dpp binds to tkv and pnt
  2. mad TF phosphorylated and activated
  3. phosphorylated Mad acts on promoters of target genes
    activates transcription of omb and sal
    represses transcription of brinker
20
Q

low concentrations of dpp induce……

A

omb expression - broader pattern

no sal expression

21
Q

DEFINE: nanobody

A

single chain amino acid made by cammelids

22
Q

describe the process of making a morphotrap for dpp

A
  1. labelled dpp with GFP
  2. expressed membrane tethered anti-GFP
  3. antibodies trapped dpp-GFP on the membrane –> stops gradient formation and restricts dpp expression to midline
23
Q

what will be observed when a clone of cells lacking engrailed expression is made in the posterior compartment?

A
  1. ci is made because its suppression is released
  2. hh diffuses into patch of cells
  3. dpp expression observed around the patch of cells = ectopic midline
24
Q

what will be observed when a clone of cells expressing engrailed is made in the anterior compartment?

A
  1. engrailed drives hh expression
  2. cells expressing ci surround the patch of cells and respond to the ectopic hh signal
  3. ring of dpp expression around patch of cells observed - ectopic midline
25
Q

what will be observed when a clone of cells lacking patched expression is made in the anterior compartment?

A
  1. inhibition of smo released —> smo activated
  2. dpp activated –> dpp expression inside clone of cells
  3. dpp diffuses out and patterns both ways
    mirror image symmetry of anterior wing
26
Q

what will be observed when a clone of cells lacking patched expression is made on the midline?

A

hh diffuses away and binds to ptch receptors on WT ligand

27
Q

what is an enhancer trap?

A

technique used to visualise gene expression - promoter trapping

28
Q

what are ovarioles

A

each ovary contains ovarioles

ovarioles = where eggs develop

29
Q

what is a chorion?

A

egg shell secreted by follicle cells

30
Q

what is the vitelline membrane?

A

hydrophobic membrane under chorion protecting from drying out

31
Q

what would be observed in a mutant stat92e drosophila embryo

A

gaps in a4 and a5

problems with head segment and posterior segment

developmental biology (12 decks)

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