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P3 > Drop In > Flashcards

Drop In Flashcards

1
Q

What is given off in beta plus decay

A

A positron

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2
Q

What changes to the atom in beta plus decay

A

The proton number goes down by one

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3
Q

Why does the proton number go down in beta plus

A

Because a proton becomes a neutron

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4
Q

What is the band of stability

A

It is the curve on a graph where the atom won’t decay

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5
Q

What happens in beta minus decay

A

A neutron becomes a proton and an electron is given off

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6
Q

What charge does an up quark have

A

+2/3

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7
Q

What charge does a down quark have

A

-1/3

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8
Q

What combination makes a proton

A

2 up quarks and one down quark , +2/3+2/3 -1/3 = 1

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9
Q

What combination does a neutron have

A

Two down quarks one up quark because it equals 0 or no charge

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10
Q

What happens on a subatomic level in beta decay

A

In beta minus a neutron becomes a proton so a down quark becomes an up quark. An anti neutrino is emitted
In beta plus a proton becomes a neutron so an up quark becomes a down quark and a neutrino is emitted

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11
Q

What is external radiation used for

A

Disrupting tumours and shrinking it by firing X-rays or gamma rays at it

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12
Q

What is internal tumour treatment

A

A beta emitter is planted next to the tumour and it damages it

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13
Q

What are aimed at tumours to destroy it

A

Neutrons

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14
Q

How can you diagnose cancers and tumours

A

Traders are injected they are absorbed by tissues and can be elected

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15
Q

Describe the process of a PET scan

A

Patient injected with a positron emitter tagged to glucose. The tumour absorbs the glucose as they require a lot of energy. The positrons collide with the electrons causing annihilation and two gamma rays are released. The gamma rays are detected pin pointing the tumour

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16
Q

How can you calculate the position of a tumour based on the gamma rays given off in two different directions

A

The time difference from detecting the gamma rays can show you the distance from each detector

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17
Q

What is a CAT scan

A

Lots of 2d X-rays to build up a 3D image

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18
Q

What is a fluoroscope

A

A patient drinks a barium meals, this shows up on an X-ray when it moves through the body , this is a real time image can be used to look at digestive system

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19
Q

How does a cyclotron work

A

The particles are pulled in a magnetic field in a radius, it increases its speed outwards as its radius increases. It moves away from the centre has it has similar charge. At a certain speed the particle breaks the magnetic field and then flies in a straight line

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20
Q

Why is a cyclotron in a vacuum

A

To stop air colliding with the particle

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21
Q

Why does a cyclotron have alternating voltage supply

A

To keep the particles constantly spinning around the centre

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22
Q

How does a cyclotron create an isotope which decay s

A

It fires a positron into an element to cause it to be a isotope

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23
Q

What are uses of cyclotrons

A

To create isotopes for PET scans

For particle accelerators

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24
Q

What’s a fundamental particle

A

An particle that can’t be broken down such as electrons and quarks

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25
Q

What happens to light when it enters a denser material

A

The light bends towards the normal line as one side bends before the other as it slows down first

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26
Q

what happens to light as it leaves a glass block

A

It bends away from the normal

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27
Q

Wher is the angle of refraction s

A

Inside of the medium between refracted Ray and normal

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28
Q

What is the focal length

A

The distance between the centre of the lens and the point all the light rays converge to

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29
Q

What is a real image

A

An image that is seen on screen

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30
Q

Where is the focus on a diverging lens

A

A virtual focus behind the diverging lens the image doesn’t actually exist

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31
Q

What is the power of a lens

A

1 divided by the focal length in METERS

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32
Q

What is the unit for power

A

Dioptres

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33
Q

What is momentum

A

Mass times velocity

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34
Q

What is thermionic emission

A

The giving off of electrons due to heat

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35
Q

What happens to particles at absolute zero

A

They become stationary

36
Q

When you half the temperature you

A

Half the kinetic energy if the temp is in kelvin

37
Q

How is pressure caused

A

Particles collide with the boundary so exerting a force exerting a pressure

38
Q

What happens to the pressure when the temperature is increased

A

The pressure goes up as the particles move faster exerting more pressure

39
Q

In gas calculations what does the temperature need to be measured in

A

Kelvin always

40
Q

How are X rays produced

A

Heat a filament or cathode, this through thermionic emission emits electrons. These he anode or the metal target. This collision uses some kinetic energy and turns it into X rays . It is in a vacuum to prevent the electrons colliding with air particles it is lead lined to absorb some X-rays so they only go where wanted.

41
Q

What is the critical angle

A

The angle above which you get reflection instead of refraction

42
Q

What happens when you are equal to the critical angle

A

It refracts along the boundary

43
Q

What happens if the angle of incidence is less than the critical angle

A

It will refract

44
Q

Why have two optical fibres in endoscopes

A

One for light and one for the image

45
Q

What is keyhole surgery

A

Going through hole s with optical fibres to examine parts of the body leaves no cuts or traces

46
Q

Name the parts of the eyes

A

Retina which sensors the light
Cornea transparent window that does most eyes focusing
Iris is the coloured part of the eye
Ciliary muscle s which contract and relax to change the thickness of the lens which also focuses the light

47
Q

What is the liquid in an eye

A

Jelly known as vitreous humour

48
Q

What is the blind spot

A

The point on the retina where there are fibres as the optic nerve is here

49
Q

Where is light of used in short sighted people

A

In front of the retina

50
Q

Why does eyesight change with age

A

The ciliary muscles grow weaker

51
Q

How does lasers work to correct sight

A

The laser changes the shape of the cornea to make light refract differently and possibly

52
Q

How do glasses work in short sighted people

A

Diverging lens are added to the light further away from the cornea meaning the refraction doesn’t cause it to converge before the retina

53
Q

What does the p mean in an ecg

A

It is the first blob and it is the contraction of the atria

54
Q

What does the QRS show on an ECG

A

The contraction of the ventricles.

55
Q

What does the T show in a heartbeat

A

The relaxation of the ventricles

56
Q

What is bradycardiac

A

Slowing the heart beat down

57
Q

What is arrhythmia

A

Heart rate is syncopated or random

58
Q

What is the time period

A

It is the time between beats

59
Q

In the heart what is re polarisation

A

Relaxing after the contraction of muscles

60
Q

How are muscles triggered in the heart

A

By a series of nodes

61
Q

What is an ECG

A

It is a measure of the action potentials or the nodes

62
Q

How does a pulse oximeter measure oxygen content

A

Oxygenated blood has a different colour to deoxygenated blood. Different amounts of light is absorbed by haemoglobin a low amount of infra red passing through means high oxygen but low oxygen means lower red but more infra red

63
Q

What’s the advantage of a pulse oximeter

A

It’s non invasive the alternative is to take blood

64
Q

Why do pulse oximeter a work

A

Visible light isn’t absorbed as much in 100% saturated blood

65
Q

What happens when ultrasound hits a boundary

A

It reflects different amount at different boundary so

66
Q

Why does bone show clearer in ultrasounds

A

Because it is more dense it reflects more

67
Q

Where can ultrasound be used

A

Liver kidney heart baby’s

68
Q

How can ultrasound be used to break kidney stones

A

High energy waves turns it into sand like particles. Good as it doesn’t need surgery

69
Q

What is the advantage of ultrasound of X rays

A

It is non ionising so doesn’t damage cells

70
Q

Why use a gel in ultrasound

A

So there’s a layer no air between sensor and belly

71
Q

How do c rays work

A

More dense parts absorb more X-rays so are no detected in the erector below the patient. The bits where most X-rays are absorbed are shown as black and white is where no X-rays are erected

72
Q

Why when creating X-rays is the anode cooled down

A

Because the electrons colliding with it cause lots of heat

73
Q

How do you make higher energy X rays

A

Increase the potential difference in the circuit as the negative charge of the electron will be attracted faster colliding faster causing higher energy X-rays

74
Q

When does beta minus decay happe

A

When there are too many neutrons a neutron becomes a proton and an electron is released

75
Q

When does beta plus decay occur

A

When there are too few neutrons. A proton is turned into a neutron and a positron is emitted

76
Q

What is the intensity of radiation

A

Power divide by area

77
Q

What does intensity mean

A

The higher the intensity the more energy it carries per second

78
Q

How can you find the size and position of an image

A

Draw a line from the top of the object to the one. One from the top to the middle of the lens . The top one refracts through the focal point and the one through the centre carries on straight where they cross will be the top of the image

79
Q

What happens to the image if it’s closer than the focal point

A

It is virtual the right way up bigger than the object and also behind it

80
Q

What happens to the image if it is greater than the focal length of the lens

A

It will always be real on the other side of the lens

81
Q

What is the image formed by a diverging lens

A

Virtual it can’t be put on a screen

82
Q

How to calculate the power of lens

A

1 divide by focal length

83
Q

How can you calculate the refractive index

A

Sin of the incident angle divide by sin of the refracted angle

84
Q

What is the critical angle of water and air boundary

A

49 degrees

85
Q

How can you calculate the critical angle

A

By dividing the refractive index of the stuff the lights travelling towards and the refractive index the light has come from

P3 (1 decks)

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