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1
Q

What is given off in beta plus decay

A

A positron

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2
Q

What changes to the atom in beta plus decay

A

The proton number goes down by one

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3
Q

Why does the proton number go down in beta plus

A

Because a proton becomes a neutron

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4
Q

What is the band of stability

A

It is the curve on a graph where the atom won’t decay

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5
Q

What happens in beta minus decay

A

A neutron becomes a proton and an electron is given off

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6
Q

What charge does an up quark have

A

+2/3

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7
Q

What charge does a down quark have

A

-1/3

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8
Q

What combination makes a proton

A

2 up quarks and one down quark , +2/3+2/3 -1/3 = 1

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9
Q

What combination does a neutron have

A

Two down quarks one up quark because it equals 0 or no charge

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10
Q

What happens on a subatomic level in beta decay

A

In beta minus a neutron becomes a proton so a down quark becomes an up quark. An anti neutrino is emitted
In beta plus a proton becomes a neutron so an up quark becomes a down quark and a neutrino is emitted

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11
Q

What is external radiation used for

A

Disrupting tumours and shrinking it by firing X-rays or gamma rays at it

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12
Q

What is internal tumour treatment

A

A beta emitter is planted next to the tumour and it damages it

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13
Q

What are aimed at tumours to destroy it

A

Neutrons

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14
Q

How can you diagnose cancers and tumours

A

Traders are injected they are absorbed by tissues and can be elected

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15
Q

Describe the process of a PET scan

A

Patient injected with a positron emitter tagged to glucose. The tumour absorbs the glucose as they require a lot of energy. The positrons collide with the electrons causing annihilation and two gamma rays are released. The gamma rays are detected pin pointing the tumour

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16
Q

How can you calculate the position of a tumour based on the gamma rays given off in two different directions

A

The time difference from detecting the gamma rays can show you the distance from each detector

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17
Q

What is a CAT scan

A

Lots of 2d X-rays to build up a 3D image

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18
Q

What is a fluoroscope

A

A patient drinks a barium meals, this shows up on an X-ray when it moves through the body , this is a real time image can be used to look at digestive system

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19
Q

How does a cyclotron work

A

The particles are pulled in a magnetic field in a radius, it increases its speed outwards as its radius increases. It moves away from the centre has it has similar charge. At a certain speed the particle breaks the magnetic field and then flies in a straight line

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20
Q

Why is a cyclotron in a vacuum

A

To stop air colliding with the particle

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21
Q

Why does a cyclotron have alternating voltage supply

A

To keep the particles constantly spinning around the centre

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22
Q

How does a cyclotron create an isotope which decay s

A

It fires a positron into an element to cause it to be a isotope

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23
Q

What are uses of cyclotrons

A

To create isotopes for PET scans

For particle accelerators

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24
Q

What’s a fundamental particle

A

An particle that can’t be broken down such as electrons and quarks

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25
What happens to light when it enters a denser material
The light bends towards the normal line as one side bends before the other as it slows down first
26
what happens to light as it leaves a glass block
It bends away from the normal
27
Wher is the angle of refraction s
Inside of the medium between refracted Ray and normal
28
What is the focal length
The distance between the centre of the lens and the point all the light rays converge to
29
What is a real image
An image that is seen on screen
30
Where is the focus on a diverging lens
A virtual focus behind the diverging lens the image doesn't actually exist
31
What is the power of a lens
1 divided by the focal length in METERS
32
What is the unit for power
Dioptres
33
What is momentum
Mass times velocity
34
What is thermionic emission
The giving off of electrons due to heat
35
What happens to particles at absolute zero
They become stationary
36
When you half the temperature you
Half the kinetic energy if the temp is in kelvin
37
How is pressure caused
Particles collide with the boundary so exerting a force exerting a pressure
38
What happens to the pressure when the temperature is increased
The pressure goes up as the particles move faster exerting more pressure
39
In gas calculations what does the temperature need to be measured in
Kelvin always
40
How are X rays produced
Heat a filament or cathode, this through thermionic emission emits electrons. These he anode or the metal target. This collision uses some kinetic energy and turns it into X rays . It is in a vacuum to prevent the electrons colliding with air particles it is lead lined to absorb some X-rays so they only go where wanted.
41
What is the critical angle
The angle above which you get reflection instead of refraction
42
What happens when you are equal to the critical angle
It refracts along the boundary
43
What happens if the angle of incidence is less than the critical angle
It will refract
44
Why have two optical fibres in endoscopes
One for light and one for the image
45
What is keyhole surgery
Going through hole s with optical fibres to examine parts of the body leaves no cuts or traces
46
Name the parts of the eyes
Retina which sensors the light Cornea transparent window that does most eyes focusing Iris is the coloured part of the eye Ciliary muscle s which contract and relax to change the thickness of the lens which also focuses the light
47
What is the liquid in an eye
Jelly known as vitreous humour
48
What is the blind spot
The point on the retina where there are fibres as the optic nerve is here
49
Where is light of used in short sighted people
In front of the retina
50
Why does eyesight change with age
The ciliary muscles grow weaker
51
How does lasers work to correct sight
The laser changes the shape of the cornea to make light refract differently and possibly
52
How do glasses work in short sighted people
Diverging lens are added to the light further away from the cornea meaning the refraction doesn't cause it to converge before the retina
53
What does the p mean in an ecg
It is the first blob and it is the contraction of the atria
54
What does the QRS show on an ECG
The contraction of the ventricles.
55
What does the T show in a heartbeat
The relaxation of the ventricles
56
What is bradycardiac
Slowing the heart beat down
57
What is arrhythmia
Heart rate is syncopated or random
58
What is the time period
It is the time between beats
59
In the heart what is re polarisation
Relaxing after the contraction of muscles
60
How are muscles triggered in the heart
By a series of nodes
61
What is an ECG
It is a measure of the action potentials or the nodes
62
How does a pulse oximeter measure oxygen content
Oxygenated blood has a different colour to deoxygenated blood. Different amounts of light is absorbed by haemoglobin a low amount of infra red passing through means high oxygen but low oxygen means lower red but more infra red
63
What's the advantage of a pulse oximeter
It's non invasive the alternative is to take blood
64
Why do pulse oximeter a work
Visible light isn't absorbed as much in 100% saturated blood
65
What happens when ultrasound hits a boundary
It reflects different amount at different boundary so
66
Why does bone show clearer in ultrasounds
Because it is more dense it reflects more
67
Where can ultrasound be used
Liver kidney heart baby's
68
How can ultrasound be used to break kidney stones
High energy waves turns it into sand like particles. Good as it doesn't need surgery
69
What is the advantage of ultrasound of X rays
It is non ionising so doesn't damage cells
70
Why use a gel in ultrasound
So there's a layer no air between sensor and belly
71
How do c rays work
More dense parts absorb more X-rays so are no detected in the erector below the patient. The bits where most X-rays are absorbed are shown as black and white is where no X-rays are erected
72
Why when creating X-rays is the anode cooled down
Because the electrons colliding with it cause lots of heat
73
How do you make higher energy X rays
Increase the potential difference in the circuit as the negative charge of the electron will be attracted faster colliding faster causing higher energy X-rays
74
When does beta minus decay happe
When there are too many neutrons a neutron becomes a proton and an electron is released
75
When does beta plus decay occur
When there are too few neutrons. A proton is turned into a neutron and a positron is emitted
76
What is the intensity of radiation
Power divide by area
77
What does intensity mean
The higher the intensity the more energy it carries per second
78
How can you find the size and position of an image
Draw a line from the top of the object to the one. One from the top to the middle of the lens . The top one refracts through the focal point and the one through the centre carries on straight where they cross will be the top of the image
79
What happens to the image if it's closer than the focal point
It is virtual the right way up bigger than the object and also behind it
80
What happens to the image if it is greater than the focal length of the lens
It will always be real on the other side of the lens
81
What is the image formed by a diverging lens
Virtual it can't be put on a screen
82
How to calculate the power of lens
1 divide by focal length
83
How can you calculate the refractive index
Sin of the incident angle divide by sin of the refracted angle
84
What is the critical angle of water and air boundary
49 degrees
85
How can you calculate the critical angle
By dividing the refractive index of the stuff the lights travelling towards and the refractive index the light has come from

P3 (1 decks)

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