Drivers of Inflammation

Question 1

acute inflammation

Answer 1

hours to days
exudation of fluid and plasma protein, neutrophil an dmonocyte infilatration.
leads to complete resolution, healing by fibrosis, abcess formation or chrinic inflammation

Question 2

chronic inflammation

Answer 2

days to years

mononuclear infiltration, vascular proliferation, scarring

Question 3

chemical mediators of inflammation

Answer 3

circulation plasma proteins, kinins, complement system, coagulation factors, histamine, cytokines, NO, O2

Question 4

4 families of cytokines

Answer 4

• Haematopoietin family (eg: IL-2 and IL-4)
• Interferon family (IFNs)
• Tumour necrosis factor family (eg: TNF-α)
• Chemokine Family (eg: CCL-2)

Question 5

interleukins

Answer 5

cytokines produced by one leukocyte and acting on another

Question 6

chemokines

Answer 6

CHEMOtactic cytoKINES (teehee i thought this was clever)
can induce directed hemotaxis in nearby responsive cells

Question 7

definitions of autocrin, paracrine, endocrine

Answer 7

Autocrine: Cytokine binds to receptor on cell that secreted it
Paracrine: Cytokine binds to receptors on nearby cells
Endocrine: Cytokine binds cells in distant parts of the body

Question 8

general properties of cytokines

Answer 8

• Pleiotropic: different cell types to secrete the same cytokine or for a single cytokine to act on several different cell types
• Redundant: similar functions can be stimulated by different cytokines
• Synergy: 2 or more cytokines having greater than additive effects
• Antagonism: one cytokine inhibiting the action of another

Question 9

role of cytokines

Answer 9

regulate haematopoesis, polaries T cells, interaction between APC and T cells, link innate adn adaptive immune system, pro or anti inflammatory response, anti viral response

Question 10

Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

Answer 10

produced following T cell activation by APC
-growth factor for T and B cells
Induces death of activated T cells

Question 11

Interleukin-4 (IL-4)

Answer 11

Th2 derived cytokine stimulating B cell proliferation

• produced by activated Th2 cells
• needed for Ig class switch
• growth factor for mast cells

Question 12

Interleukin-17 (IL-17)

Answer 12

produced by Th17 cells

• major pro inflammatory cytokine
• associated with autoimmune disease
• neutrophil activation and maturation

Question 13

tuour necrosis factor alpha

Answer 13

derived from macrophages and T cells

• pro inflammatory
• induces nautrophil activation
• pyrogen

Question 14

transforming growth factor beta

Answer 14

supresses lymphocyte function

enhances repair

Question 15

interleukin 10

Answer 15

supresses immune system
produced by Th2 cells
Inhibits TNF, IL-1, IL-12 and chemokine production
The absence of IL-10 causes IBD (inflammatory bowel diseases)

Question 16

clinical manefestations of different cytokine imbalances

Answer 16

o Asthma and allergy – dysregulation of Th1/Th2 balance therefore Th2 cytokines overproduce
o Autoimmunity – chronic inflammatory response – dysregulation of Th17 cells