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Sustainable Production > Drinks Sector > Flashcards

Drinks Sector Flashcards

1
Q

What is the drink industry?

A

The beverage industry
a global industry made up of companies that manufacture, sell, and/or distribute a variety of beverages
- alcoholic or nonalcoholic

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2
Q

What is the largest nonalcoholic beverage company?

A

Coca-Cola

  • 21 billion-dollar brands such as Diet Coke, Coca-Cola Zero, Fanta, Sprite…
  • more than 1.9 billion servings of our beverages are enjoyed by consumers in more than 200 countries each day.
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3
Q

What does the alcoholic segment include

A
  • beer
  • wine
  • spirits
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4
Q

What is the biggest drink sector?

A

Beer
global market size 2016 : 530 billion usd
-In 2016, Beer accounts around 30-35% of the alcoholic drinks market revenue.

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5
Q

What are the 2nd, 3rd, 4th biggest drink sectors

A

Spirits - 470
Carbonated Soft Drinks - 393
Wine - 300

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6
Q

What are the major companies leading the beer market?

A

Worldwide, Anheuser-Busch InBev, Heineken, Kirin, Diageo

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7
Q

How much was the global carbonated soft drinks market size was worth in 2016

A

USD 392.6 billion

Main - Supermarkets and general merchandisers

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8
Q

Who is John Pemberton?

A

American pharmacist and American Civil War veteran who is best known as the inventor of Coca-Cola.

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9
Q

How did John Pemberton invent coca-cola?

A

During a battle, he received a nasty saber wound on his chest. This wound led to a morphine addiction. In an effort to create a ‘cure’ for his addiction, Pemberton formulated an early version of Coca-Cola, “Pemberton’s French Wine Coca.” Later on he used this formula to develop the very first Coca-Cola…

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10
Q

How has coca-cola become sustainable in recent years?

A

PlantBottle (2009) - replaced one of two key ingredients in PET with material made from plants
2015 - Coca-Cola unveiled 100% PlantBottle, which is the world’s first prototype PET bottle made entirely from plant materials.

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11
Q

What has the impact of coca-cola becoming more sustainable had on the environment?

A

helped prevent 365,000 metric tons of potential carbon dioxide emissions

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12
Q

Why did coca-cola change to PlantBottle?

A

system-wide analysis of our carbon footprint demonstrates that packaging was a significant contributor to our greenhouse gas emissions. Tracking and measuring their work on recycled and renewable PET and lightweighting packaging to reach goal of reducing the carbon footprint of the “drink in your hand” by 25 percent by 2020.

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13
Q

How was Coca-Cola not sustainable in the 1960’s?

A

1960’s - Coca Cola began to produce a lot of packaging waste - switching to one way, non returnable containers in an attempt to secure greater profits

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14
Q

When did Coca-Cola change to aluminium cans

A
  1. 12-ounce aluminum Coca-Cola cans are introduced in the U.S
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15
Q

Is aluminium better for the environment over plastic bottles?

A
  • The Environmental Protection Agency says aluminum cans have about 68 percent recycled content compared to just 3 percent for plastic bottles in the United States. As a result, aluminum is widely seen as the better choice for the environment. Cans are more efficient to recycle than bottles. Once the aluminum has been produced, it can be recycled over and over again. Bottles use more energy because they require the use of petroleum, a a limited resource that has demands in other industries.
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16
Q

Coca-Cola did an LCA in 1969 on what?

A

In 1969 - Coca-Cola Company funded a study to
- compare different beverage containers to determine which container had the lowest releases to the environment and least affected the supply of natural resources, this study quantified the raw materials and fuels used and the environmental loadings from the manufacturing processes for each container
ALUMINIUM

17
Q

How much is the UK beer market worth in 2013?

A

estimated £17.12 billion (retail selling price)

18
Q

How has global beer consumption increased in recent years?

A
  • 2012 it reached 187.37 billion (109) litres (global beer consumption)
  • China is the largest beer-consuming country in the world with 23.6 % share of the global market, followed by the USA, with roughly half of that.
  • UK is ranked 8th with 4.5 bn litres of beer produced in 2014, making it the largest alcoholic drinks sector in the country
19
Q

What were the results of the Life Cycle Assessment of Beer Production and Consumption in UK in relation to

a) beer in steel cans
b) beer in bottles
c) beer in aluminium cans

A
  • Beer in steel cans has the lowest impacts inc depletion of abiotic resources, acidification, marine and freshwater toxicity
  • Bottled beer is the worst option for nine impact categories, including global warming and primary energy demand, but it has the lowest human toxicity potential.
  • aluminium cans is the best option for ozone layer depletion and photochemical smog but has the highest human and marine toxicity potentials.
20
Q

What is the total GWP of beer for

a) glass bottle
b) aluminium can
c) steel can

A

a) 842
b) 575
c) 510

21
Q

How is beer bad for the environment?

A
  • average energy consumption is estimated to be about 0.2 kilowatt hours for each bottle of beer, enough energy to run a 40-inch TV for almost three-and-a-half hours.
  • water, it’s hard to quantify exactly how much is used to create beer – from the growing of hops and barley to the cleaning of brewing equipment – up to 300 litres of water to create just one litre of beer.
  • the majority of ingredients used to make beer are never actually consumed, with most leftover hops and malt earmarked for landfill.
22
Q

How is craft beer bad for the environment?

A
  • high aroma is achieved through a process known as dry hopping, meaning the addition of hops post-boil. on a commercial scale, this often requires an energy-rich process of recirculation, plus the movement of beer between tanks, ultimately requiring the use of electricity for pumps and water for cleaning.
  • high-percentage beers generally demand more ingredients. It is not uncommon for some craft brewers to use twice as much malt as an industrial brewer and 25 times more hops. In Scotland alone, annual beer-related by-product waste is estimated to total 53,682 tonnes.
23
Q

Why isn’t craft brewing worse for the environment?

A
  • their diminutive size, more likely to leave a smaller environmental footprint than their mega-brewery counterparts. However, all this could change as the latter begin to mimic craft beer’s ingredient-heavy styles.
24
Q

What were the conclusions and suggestions from LCA study of beer production

A
  • Main ‘hot spots’ are ingredients and packaging.
    Suggestions :
    -Improve environmental footprint of barley production
    -Increase recycling
    -Drink less beer at home
    -Craft beer is no different than non-craft beer with respect to environmental footprint.
    -Organic beer
25
Q

How much wine was produced in 2016?

A

approx. 27 billion litres of wine were produced globally, grown on 7.5 million hectares.

26
Q

What countries produce most of the world’s wine production?

A

Italy, France and Spain produce more than 50% of the world’s wine production, representing approx. 33% of the world vineyards.

27
Q

Main environmental footprint associated in wine production?

A

viticulture and packaging.
Producers confront survival threats such as rising energy prices, water scarcity and mounting concerns about chemical exposure and climate change.

Improving sustainability (organic production, reducing waste, reducing chemicals, better land management) through Environmental Monitoring System sees conflicts between ‘established’ and ‘new’ wine growers.

Established wine growers, with significantly large historic investment in vineyards and identity resist investment in EMS approaches for fear of cannibalizing existing product lines.
Younger, entrepreneurial agricultural businesses show a propensity to invest in innovations that supplant existing structures, some creating new standards for sustainable processes and products.
COMMERCIAL ADVANTAGE to producing more sustainable, ‘bio’ wines.

28
Q

Main environmental footprint associated in wine production?

A

viticulture and packaging.

29
Q

What is vinification in wine production?

A

Fermentation

30
Q

What is the problem with wine production in terms of sustainability?

A

Producers confront survival threats such as rising energy prices, water scarcity and mounting concerns about chemical exposure and climate change.

31
Q

What is the problem with improving sustainability within the wine industry?

A

Improving sustainability (organic production, reducing waste, reducing chemicals, better land management) through Environmental Monitoring System sees conflicts between ‘established’ and ‘new’ wine growers.

  • Established wine growers, with significantly large historic investment in vineyards and identity - fear of cannibalizing existing product lines.
  • Younger, entrepreneurial agricultural businesses show a propensity to invest in innovations that supplant existing structures, some creating new standards for sustainable processes and products.
32
Q

What is the problem with improving sustainability within the wine industry?

A

Improving sustainability through Environmental Monitoring System sees conflicts between ‘established’ and ‘new’ wine growers.

  • Established wine growers, with significantly large historic investment in vineyards and identity - fear of cannibalizing existing product lines.
  • Younger, entrepreneurial agricultural businesses show a propensity to invest in innovations that supplant existing structures, some creating new standards for sustainable processes and products.
33
Q

Improving sustainability in the wine sector would involve what?

A

organic production, reducing waste, reducing chemicals, better land management

34
Q

In terms of organic wine, what’s the story globally?

A
  • Organic grapes represent only 4% of all French vineyards, although conversion of vineyards to organic or bio vineyards increasing.
  • Italy is the largest producer of organic agricultural produce in EU (accounts for nearly 18% of total organic crops.
  • Spain has approx. 5% of vineyards under organic production.
  • New Zealand has 7+% of vineyards under organic production in 2014, with target of 20% by 2020..
35
Q

How is Gin made and why can pea’s be used instead?

A

Gin is made by taking a neutral base spirit – usually made from mashed wheat grain – and redistilling it in the presence of juniper and other plants and berries to give it that distinctive botanical flavor.
- in theory you can make that base spirit from anything as it is distilled to a very high alcohol level and purity, the raw material shouldn’t greatly impact the final taste of the gin once it has been flavored with botanicals

36
Q

Why are legumes better for use?

A
  • ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere reduces the need for the synthetic nitrogen fertilizers that are responsible for a lot of agricultural pollution.
  • wheat = requires about 150 kilograms of nitrogen fertilizer per hectare, while peas need none
37
Q

What are the benefits of using pea gin instead of wheat gin?

A

LCA was done - found that one liter of gin made from peas had a smaller environmental impact in almost every category, including

  • 12% reduction in the contribution to global warming
  • 15% less resource depletion
  • 68% less nitrogen air pollution – though it did require more than twice as much land to grow the peas because of lower yields. (Cost would be an extra 17 million ha of land needed for agriculture)
  • leftover waste products contain twice as much protein as those from wheat. This can be turned into animal feed, which could reduce the need to import soybeans from South America into the U.K
38
Q

What are the sales of gin like in ireland?

A

Sales of gin in Ireland – 1.4 million liters a year (2018)
Sales of pink gin in Ireland – approx. 500,000 liters (2018)
Sales of beer in Ireland – approx. 448million liters (2017)

39
Q

How can gin be bad for the environment?

A

The process of its production – including the cultivation of wheat, production of enzymes, heat, electricity, packaging materials and transport – results in CO2 emissions.
- estimated that 2.3kg of CO2 equivalent is pumped into the atmosphere for each 70cl bottle of gin

Sustainable Production (7 decks)

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