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PH Enviromental > Drinking Water Part 2 > Flashcards

Drinking Water Part 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What health effects are associated with microbes in drinking water?

A

gastroenteritis, death in immunocompromised

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1
Q

What contaminants are regulated under the EPA Safe Water Act?

A

Microbes, radionuclides, inorganics, volatile organics, synthetic organics, disinfectants, disinfection by products

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2
Q

What standard exists for microbes in drinking water?

A

No standard, instead specifies a treatment technique (e.g., removal of 99.99% of microbe)

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3
Q

What are the three groups of biological pollutants in drinking water?

A

bacteria, parasites, viruses

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4
Q

List 6 examples of viruses.

A

rotavirus, human caliciviruses, hepatitis A virus, adenovirus 40 & 41, astrovirus, enteroviruses

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5
Q

List 6 types of bacteria.

A

Escherichia, Salmonella, Yersinia, Campylocabacter, Vibrio, Clostridium

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6
Q

What are 5 examples of parasites?

A

Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Microsporidia, Cyclospora, Toxplasma gondii

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7
Q

What is an example of a radionuclide and why are they bad?

A

Radon; increases cancer risk

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8
Q

What are examples of inorganic chemicals?

A

Arsenic, cadmium, lead, nitrate/nitrite

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9
Q

What are examples of synthetic organics?

A

Dioxin, pesticides, Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)

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10
Q

What are examples of volatile organics?

A

Benzene, toluene, trichloroethylene

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11
Q

What are disinfectants?

A

Water additives used to control microbes

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12
Q

Why do disinfectants have maximum residual levels?

A

They can be harmful (eye/nose irritation, stomach discomfort, anemia)

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13
Q

What are Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs)?

A

DBPs are formed when disinfectants used in H2O treatment plants react with bromide and/or natural organic matter present in the source water

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14
Q

What are 3 examples of DBPs?

A

trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, bromate

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15
Q

Why are pharmaceuticals/personal care products a concern for drinking water?

A

They are ending up in the water supply and are not always removed (see video on Potomac River)

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16
Q

What are the four stages of water treatment?

A

coagulation, floccuation/sedimentation, filtration, disinfection

17
Q

What is coagulation?

A

chemicals are added to water to create a coagulant

18
Q

What is flocculation?

A

further agglomeration of particles achieved by rapid mixing (particles removed, dissolved contaminants remain)

19
Q

What is sedimentation?

A

the water is allowed to undergo a period of quiescence, allowing the floc to settle to the bottom of the settling tank for removal and disposal

20
Q

What is filtration?

A

Settled water is further treated by filtration (rapid and filtration is common, also any backwash to clear filters must be discharged into sewage)

21
Q

What is disinfection?

A

removal of infectious material to a level such that disease cannot be detected, i.e. elimination of a pathogen that causes waterborne disease

22
Q

What factors affect disinfection?

A

disinfectant concentration, contact time, temperature, pH, encapsulation

23
Q

List the 3 biological contaminants in order of most to least resistant to disinfection.

A

Parasites, viruses, bacteria

24
Q

Describe the kinetics of disinfection.

A
  • gradual process that involves a series of physical-chemical and biochemical steps
  • effectiveness is (C X t), c= disinfectant concentration, t=time required to inactivate certain % of population under set conditions
  • lower Ct value= more effective disinfectant
25
Q

What are the three types of water disinfectants?

A

Chlorine, ozone, and UV radiation

26
Q

What are the pros and cons of chlorine as a disinfectant?

A

Pros: cheap, good disinfectant, provides residual
Cons: relatively unstable, forms DBPs that are possibly carcinogenic

27
Q

What are the pros and cons of ozone as a disinfectant?

A

pros: good disinfectant, limited DBP formation
cons: no residual, expensive

28
Q

What are the pros and cons of UV radiation?

A

pros: effective on cryptosporidium, no DBPs, no storage problems
cons: no residual, interference by solids and turbidity

29
Q

Why is a strong residual good for drinking water?

A

Provides protection from contamination later in the water distribution system

30
Q

What causes DBP formation?

A

DBPs are formed when Cl reacts with naturally occurring dissolved organic material in water

31
Q

What are the potential adverse health effects of DBPs?

A

adverse pregnancy outcomes (stillbirths, neonatal deaths), possible increased risk of birth defects, cancer

32
Q

Why is fluoride added to drinking water?

A

To reduce tooth decay/cavities

33
Q

Why is fluoridation controversial?

A

Young children with excessive fluoride intake can develop mottled tooth enamel, excessive consumption over a lifetime can increase skeletal fractures or cause skeletal fluorosis

34
Q

Which agency is responsible for regulating bottled water?

A

FDA

35
Q

What types of bottled water are available?

A

Artesian, fluoridated, ground, mineral, purified, sparkling, spring, sterile, well

36
Q

What is artesian well water?

A

from well that taps an aquifer; often more pure due to natural filtration

37
Q

What is mineral water?

A

water from underground source w/ at least 250 ppm dissolved solids from the source of the water (can’t be added later)

38
Q

What is spring water?

A

drawn from underground formation from which water flows naturally to the earth’s surface

39
Q

What is well water?

A

water from a hole bored or drilled into the ground, which taps into an aquifer

40
Q

Can bottled water be drawn from municipal sources (the tap)?

A

YES. It may undergo distillation, reverse osmosis, absolute 1 micron filtration, or ozoanation

41
Q

What is the environmental impact of bottled water?

A

producing the bottle uses 17 million barrels of oil a year, produces 2.5 million tons of CO2, it takes 3L of H2O to make 1L of bottled H2O, only 20% of plastic bottles are recycled

PH Enviromental (10 decks)

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