Drawing: tools, materials, processes and techniques

Question 1

Drawing

Answer 1

Drawing is the art or technique of representing an object or outlining a figure, plan, or sketch by means of lines, though drawings can also contain tonal areas, washes and other non-linear marks

Question 2

Drawing materials

Answer 2

Ink, pencil, crayon, charcoal and chalk are the most commonly used materials, but drawings can be made with or in combination with paint and any other wet or dry media.
Acrylic paint
Gouache
Oil paint
Glass paint
Pastel
Pixel
Sketch
Tempera
Watercolor
Glitter

Question 3

Drawing surfaces

Answer 3

Common supports (surfaces) for drawing
Canvas
Card stock
Concrete
Fabric
Glass
Human body
Metal
Paper
Plaster
Scratchboard
Stone
Vellum
Wood

Question 4

Drawing tools

Answer 4

Common drawing tools:
Brush
Finger
Pen
Ballpoint pen
Fountain pen
Gel pen
Technical pen
Marker
Pencil
Mechanical pencil (clutch, screw, and ratchet)
Colored pencil
Stylus
Charcoal

Question 5

Sketching techniques

Answer 5

Top sketching techniques:
Hatching & Cross-Hatching. There are more ways to add depth to your sketches through --shading;
-stippling;
-scribbling;
-circling;
-smooth Shading & Blending;
-creating Highlights;
-rendering.

Question 6

Hatching is

Answer 6

Hatching is the technique of creating parallel lines to give the illusion of light and shadow.

Question 7

Cross hatching is

Answer 7

Cross hatching is a type of hatching, whereby parallel lines are drawn next to one another to create light and dark values. Perpendicular lines are then drawn over the top of the first lines in a similar hatching style. Rembrandt used this drawing technique in his etchings, ink drawings and silver point pieces.

Question 8

Stippling is

Answer 8

Stippling is a technique of creating a repeat pattern on the paper to convey areas of light and dark in a drawing. Use a dotting action to render values. Create dots closer together to show darker areas and further apart for the highlights and light tones.

Question 9

Tonal sketching

Answer 9

Tonal sketching/shading technique is the most intuitive of all the drawing techniques. Apply pressure on the pencil where you want to place the shadows in the artwork. To create an even shaded appearance, hold your pencil slightly at an angle and lightly move it backwards and forwards. Unsharpened pencils create softer lines, it’s also essential to use a soft pencil.

Question 10

Scumbling

Answer 10

Small circular marks are layered on top of one another to create a textured appearance.

Question 11

Drawing techniques

Answer 11

Drawing techniques:

• automatic drawings;
• blind contour drawing;
• chiaroscuro;
• gesture drawing;
• grisaille;
• hatching;
• masking;
• mass drawing;
• screentone;
• scribble;
• stippling;
• trios crayons;
• drybrush;

Question 12

Principles and elements of drawing

Answer 12

Principles and elements of drawing:

• composition;
• elements of art;
• principals of art;
• perspective.

Question 13

Composition is

Answer 13

The term composition means “putting together”. It can be thought of as the organization of the elements of art according to the principles of art. Composition can apply to any work of art, from music through writing and into photography, that is arranged using conscious thought.

Question 14

Perspective is

Answer 14

Perspective is representation in a drawing or painting of parallel lines as converging in order to give the illusion of depth and distance

Question 15

Charcoal

Answer 15

Fire has been a part of human development and culture for a very long time, meaning that charcoal has been one of the most readily available types of art mediums throughout the centuries.

Charcoal sticks can be made by binding organic powder with a waxy substance. Charcoal is a rare medium in art materials as it can easily be erased, so if you are planning on trying it, do some research on how to apply fixatives to your canvases to extend the life of your artwork.

Question 16

Chalk is

Answer 16

Due to its organic content, chalk is another of the different art mediums that have been used since the earliest days of human art. Materials such as ochre, limestone, and black stone were used to create colors such as sanguine, white, and black. Although originally used for sketching, chalk was soon considered of equal importance as the other types of art medium during the Renaissance period.

Question 17

Graphite Pencils

Answer 17

Graphite pencils were first used by artists in France during the 17th century. They are great for outlining compositions, creating sketches, or even for applying shading to your artwork. Graphite pencils are one of the types of art mediums that are great for beginners as you can easily edit and change your art by erasing your mistakes and trying again until you get the desired result you are after.

Question 18

Ink and Pen

Answer 18

Pen and ink have also been used as art mediums for centuries. Ink is great for creating solid outlines but must be used with a steady hand and great care as there is no way to erase the ink. Ink and pen have been used to create intricate graphic art as well as text-based art forms such as calligraphy for centuries. Depending on what you intend to use your pen for, you can find a multitude of suitable drawing tools such as drafting pens, fountain pens, and graphic pens.

Question 19

Gesture drawing.

Answer 19

This technique mainly applies to drawing the human form and capturing the action and pose of the figure.

Question 20

Loose sketching

Answer 20

By sketching loosely, you can plan compositions and practice drawing accurately without worrying about making mistakes. Create a loose sketch before you start drawing your final outlines, then you can erase parts of lines that don’t fit with your drawing afterwards.
With this approach, the aim is to focus on the big picture—the composition and interplay of different elements. You could optionally erase messy lines and add in details afterwards, or you could leave the drawing as a sketch.

Question 21

Drawing with eraser

Answer 21

Use the technique of lifting pencil marks from the paper, to reveal white highlights. To create precise highlights, get a Tombow Mono Zero eraser. You can use this to erase ultra slim lines, or use it for delicate details, like highlighting strands of hair in a portrait.

Another type of eraser that works great for this technique is a kneaded gum eraser. This type of eraser is soft and mouldable. Mould it into a point to erase small areas, or roll it across the paper to lift large areas of pencil. Kneadable erasers are soft, so they won’t completely lift dark pencil marks unless you press it into the paper with some pressure. Get some graphite powder and scatter across the paper, then draw on top with the erasers.

Question 22

Frottage is

Answer 22

Frottage is a surrealist and ‘automatic’ method of creative production that involves creating a rubbing of a textured surface using a pencil or other drawing material

Question 23

Contour Shading

Answer 23

It is relatively similar to hatching and cross-hatching techniques, but the lines used in the contour shading are usually curved and can be drawn horizontally, vertically and diagonally.
Use line weight to show the three dimensional form of the subject. Darker lines indicate areas of the subject that appear closer and lighter lines represent areas further away from view.

Question 24

Indenting is