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BOT*4380. UOG > Dr. T. Akhtar's > Flashcards

Dr. T. Akhtar's Flashcards

1
Q

Primary metabolism

A

for growth and development, ex fatty acids, amino acids, nucleic acids

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2
Q

secondary metabolism

A

not directly involed in growth and development ex. isoprenoids, alkaloids, phenolics

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3
Q

name 2 alkoloids used in health

A

serotonin- makes us happy and helps regulate the GI tract

vinblastine- treats cander

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4
Q

name an alkaloid used in ecology

A

male butterflieds feed on heliotropiun indicum that produce pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Protexts the butterfly from certain spiders

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5
Q

where are alkaloids found in agriculture>

A

crooked calf disease–> accumulation of toxis alkaloid species in lupin seeds. (silvery lupine)

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6
Q

how are the alkaloids used in plant defence?

A

toxic or function as deterrents.

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7
Q

where does the word Alkaloid originate

A

Arabic work ‘al-qui’ plant from sodium carbonate

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8
Q

what are glucosinolates?

A

mustard oils, they are sulfur and nitrogen containing plant secondary metabolites.
order brassicales->brassica crops

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9
Q

what are the 3 main classes of glucosinolates?

A
  1. Alphatic (Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Met)
  2. Aromatic (Phe, Tyr)
  3. Idololic (Trp)
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10
Q

what are the 3 phases of glucosinolates synthasis?

A
  1. elongation by inserting methylene groups to side chain
  2. core structure by matabolically reconfiguring the amino acid moeity,
  3. secondary modifications:
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11
Q

why do plants undergo glucosinolate degradation

A

upon plant damage glucosinolate are degraded to a variety of hydrolysis products that are responsible for all the biological acitvities of this compound class.

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12
Q

explain the steps in glucosinolate degradation

A
  1. thioglucoside linkage–myrosinase—> glucose + *agylcone
  2. algycone–> isothiocyanates/ epithionitriles/ thiocyananates
  3. ESP dictates nature of degradative products
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13
Q

what are bioactive prodcuts

A
  1. isothiocyanate,
  2. nitrile
  3. epithionitrile
  4. oxazollidine-2-thione
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14
Q

what is the glucosinolate-myrosinase system? and do plants avoid the toxicity?

A

chemical herbivory defence system
plant protects its self by seperating glucosinolates and myrosinase, so that the thioglucoside linkage on glucosionalte cannot convert to agyclone.

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15
Q

what are the degradation products of the glucosinolate-myrosinase system?

A
  1. myrosinase and glucocosinolate
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16
Q

what can protect an animal from the toxic effects of glucosionlate?

A

an ezyme called glucosinolate sulfatse can desulfates the glucosinolates, to no longer be able to be hydrolyzed

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17
Q

what way could you engineer an insert to be resistant to toxic effects of glucosinolates?

A
  1. design a desulferizing enzyme

2. a method to permenantly seperate the glucosinolate from the myrosinase

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18
Q

what synthesizeds an isoprenoid?

A

synthesized from IPP and its isomer DMAPP

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19
Q

what are the two pathways of IPP/DMAPP syntehsis?

A

MVA (mevalonic acid pathways) and MEP (methylerythritol phosphate pathway)

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20
Q

what are the two IDI isomers in plants and where are they located?

A

IDI1- plastid and cytosol

IDI2- mitochondria

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21
Q

what is prenultransferase?

A

its a group of enzymes that catalyze in a “heat-2-toe” condensation of IPP and DMAPP. Additional rounds give longer chains. final chain length determined by specifity of the phenyltransferases.

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22
Q

what are the two types of phenyltransferases

A
  1. TPTs add the C5 IPP in the trans configuration–>GPP

2. CPTs add IPP in cis configuration -> NPP.

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23
Q

what are the names for the prenyltransferases that are C10, C15, C20 ,

A

C20L diterpenes

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24
Q

what is a trichonme?

A

specialized leaf structure where terpenes are syntehsized, small epidermal appendages on surface of leaves, stems, fruits and flowers. ~20% of leaf dry weight

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25
Q

what analyzes terpenes?

A

GC-MS, due to high volatility.

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26
Q

what are the 2 terpenes are found in tomatoes

A

b-phellandrene (monoterpene)

B-caryophyllen (sesquiterpne)

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27
Q

which type has a greater variety?

A

sesquiterpenes becuase of the additional 5’C to react with intermediates. 7:1.

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28
Q

what is the function of isoprenoids?

A 
cholesterol
terpenes
sterols
carotenoids.
ETC
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29
Q

what is HMG-CoA reductase

A

enzyme that catalzes
HMG-CoA—–> MVA
regulated by:
feedback, transcription, translation, phosphoryltation and degradation.

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30
Q

what is prenyltransferase

A

catalyzes the head to tail condensation of IPP onto DMAPP to produce GPPS, FPPS, GGPS

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31
Q

what are examples of cis-prenyltransferases

A

NPPS, Z,Z-FPPS

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32
Q

what are examples of trans-prenyltransferases

A

GPPS, FPPS, GGPS

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33
Q

how many classes of (terpene synthases) TPS are there?

A
  1. Type 1, and Type 2. most plants fall into type 1.
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34
Q

where are terpenes synthesize?D

A

in Trichomes

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35
Q

what are the 3 kinds of monoterpenes?

A
  1. acyclic,
  2. monocyclic
  3. bicyclic
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36
Q

give 4 examples of acyclic monoterpenes

A

citral
geraniol
linalool
mycrene

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37
Q

give 4 examples of monocyclic monoterpenes

A

limonene
menthol
thymol
p-cymeme

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38
Q

give 4 examples of bicyclic monoterpnes

A

eucalyoptol
pienne
carene
thujene

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39
Q

give 3 examples of sesquiterpnes

A

zingiberene
cadienne
pathoulol

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40
Q

what are long chained isoprenoids?

A

30C =condensation of 2x FPP—squalene synthase–>squalene

40C= condensation of 2xGGPP—phetonene synthase—>phetone

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41
Q

what are carotenoids?

A

tetraterpenes formed by 2xGGPP molecules. may require 3 more enzymes to make lycopene.
GOLD rice project we cant make enough

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42
Q

whar are substrates for the DXP-synthase enzyme?

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphase (G3P)

pyruvate.

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43
Q

what is a vitamin?

A

organic compounds that must be ingested since the body cannot synthesize them

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44
Q

what is thiamine?

A

B1- required for catabolism of sugars and amino acids (in plants). used in animals for acetylcholine and G ABA synthesis. deficiency causes beriberi in humans

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45
Q

what does Thi4 (Thi1) do>

A

Thi4 converts NAD+ +glucine +S—–> andenylated thiazole carboxylate

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46
Q

describe thiamine biosynthesis in prokaryotes

A

5 enzymes +cysteine + glycine or tyr + DXP

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47
Q

describe thiamine biosyntesis in eukaryotes

A

1 enzyme + NAD + glycine + 5c sugar+ S-

48
Q

explain the coupling of thiazole and pyrimidine moieties in prokaryotes

A

HMP-P is phosphorylated by ThiD and condensated with thiazole phosphate carboxylate by ThiE, producing ThMP

49
Q

explain the coupling of thiazole and pyrimidine moieties in eukaryotes

A

HMP-P and phosphorylated and concendese by a bifunctional enzyme THI1/THI3 to form ThMP

50
Q

how is thiamine acitvated?

A

ThMP is phosphorylated to ThDP by ThiL (in bacteria) and TPK (in plants)

51
Q

how is thiamine regulated?

A

THI-box Riboswitch mechanism of ThiC and THI1

52
Q

what reactions require thiamine to function?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

53
Q

what is folate

A

a B vitamin and a tripartile molecule

54
Q

what drug inhibits folate synthesis?

A

Sulfanilamide-

55
Q

What are folate mediated C1 reactions?

A

donated C1 subunits:

  1. histidine breakdown
  2. interconversion of serine and glycine
  3. production of glycine from dimethylglycine
  4. glycine oxidation
  5. N-10-formyl-THF
56
Q

how can THF isoforms be formed?

A

through additions to the N5, and N1 positions on THF.

57
Q

name 5 folate interconversions

A
  1. 5-methyl-THF
  2. 10-formyl-THF: purine synthesis ->AMP/GMP
  3. 5,10-methenyl- THF
  4. 5,10-methylene-THF
  5. 5-formyl-THF
58
Q

What is the MTHFR deficiency

A

MTHFR polymorphism- causes a biuld up in homocysteine, low methionine levels.

59
Q

what is riboflavin

A

vitamine G, almonds and leafy vegetables. composed of ribose and flavin (purine) moeities.

60
Q

what are FAD and FMN

A

these are essential redox cofactor

61
Q

how is riboflavin converted to FAD and FMN?

A

its phosphorylated by RFK to produce FMN. FMN is then coupled with ATP-derived AMP moeity to FADS to produce FAD.

62
Q

what are the 3 redox states of riboflavin?

A
  1. fully oxidized quinone
  2. one-electron semiquinone
  3. fully reduced hydrioquinone
63
Q

what bitter acids are present in hops?

A

prenyalted acylphoroglucinols, derived from branched chain amino acids (Leu, Val Ile) `

64
Q

explain the photo-oxidation of isohumulone

A

upon irradiation with visble light, concentration of MBT increase Isohumulone and riboflavin are pivotal for this reaction.

65
Q

how is riboflavin a photosensitor?

A

it exhibits an absopriton spectra @ 375/445 nm and upon absorption it can become activated and can create ROS

66
Q

what part of riboflavin makes it yellow?

A

the flavin moeities, the fully oxidized form of riboflavin, quinone.

67
Q

what compound is required for both folate and riboflavin synthesis?

A

GTP- Guanosine-5’-triphosphate

68
Q

what kind of chemical reactions does riboflavin participate in?

A

Redox reactions

69
Q

what is a phenolic?

A

an aromatic hydrocarbon ring with an additional hydroxyl group

70
Q

name 3 types of phenolics

A

phenylpropanoids- +C3 sidechain
Benzoic acid derivatives (C6-C1)
coumarins (C6-C3)

71
Q

what are the phenolic precursors?

A
  1. Aromatic Amino Acids: Phe and Tyr (tryptophan)
72
Q

why is chorismate an imporant branch point?

A

one branch leads to the formation of Phe and Tyrosine and the other results in tryptophan formation.
it makes AAA, folate, Phe, Trp

73
Q

what is the enzyme that commits chorismate to Phe and Tyrosine? and what regulates it?

A

chorismate mutase, and it controlled thoguh Phe, and Tyr feedback.

74
Q

what does benzenoid acid derivatives (benzoids do)?

A

they attract pollinators. they come from Phe.

Phe—-PAL—–> transcinnamic acid + NH3

75
Q

where is beta-oxidation pathway and non-beta-oxidation pathways analogous to?

A

beta-oxidation ->peroxisomes

non-beta->cytosol

76
Q

what are the intermediates of oxidative and non-oxidative pathways

A

oxi-> BA-CoA

non-oxi->BAld

77
Q

what does AAT conver?

A

Phe to PhPyr

78
Q

what does PAAS convert?

A

Phe- to PhA

79
Q

what volatile compounds derived directly from phe

A

Gc, various volatile compounds emitted by those flowers.

80
Q

what is the core phenylpropanoid pathway

A

pathway convert phenylalanime (and tyrsosine) to the simple phenylpropanoids trans-cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, and p-coumaroyl-CoA.

81
Q

what are examples of simple phenolics

A

Benzoic acid derivatives
phenylpropanois
coumarins

82
Q

what are examples of more complex phenolics

A

flavonoids
lignin
stilbenes

83
Q

what are coumarins?

A

defense role in plants

ingesting clover massive internal bleeding- help strokes

84
Q

what are HCAs

A

have C6-C3 strucutre
ex. cafferic acid
ferulic acid
sinapic acid

85
Q

where is lignin syntehsized? and what are the resulting monolignols?

A

cytosol
the following 3 alcohols
G-unit, H unit, S unit.

86
Q

what ligning is derived from the following monolginol units G, H, S?

A

G- guiaiacyl lignin
H->p-hydroxphenyl lignin
S-> syringyl lignin

87
Q

how is lignin ploymerized?

A

cytosol—>cell wall via glycosides–>oxidized—>lignin polymer.
use these enzymes: peroxidase, oxidases and laccases.

88
Q

what are the precursors to flavanoids?

A

p-coumaroyl CoA and Malonyl CoA.

when catalyzed by CHS they make chalone. all 3 together make STS.

89
Q

Chalone is a precurosr for what?

A

flavonols
isoflavanoes
flavanones
anthocyanidins

90
Q

Flavonoids exist primarily as?

A

glycosides or actylated derivatives

91
Q

40% of the carbon in the atmosphere exist within which class of plant phenolics?

A

phenylpropanoids

92
Q

how many linear chains are typically found in a microfirbil chain in cellulose wall?

A

30-36

93
Q

what enzyme is responsible for cellulose synthesis, and where is it found in the cell?

A

outer face of PM, and by CeSA.

94
Q

whats another name for pectin and what ion holds it together

A

Galacturonans, held together by Ca 2+

95
Q

what are the two classes of lipids,

A
  1. Fatty Acids (saturated and unsaturted)

2. Glycerolipids (triacyglycerols, phospholipids, galactolipids, sulfolipids)

96
Q

name the phospholipid associated to their fatty chains?

A
  1. H- dicylglycerol
  2. R3-Triacylglycerol
  3. phosphate- phospholipid
  4. galactose- galactolipid
97
Q

how does a double bond affect a hydrophobic tail?

A

spacious, lower melting point, and increase fluididity

98
Q

What are the 5 plant glycerolipid

A
  1. TAGs
  2. phospholipids
  3. galactolipids
  4. sulfolipids
  5. sphingolipids
99
Q

what are TAGs-

A

neutral lipids,

fats and oils are mixtures of tags

100
Q

what are phospholipids

A

derived from esterification of poiar head group to the phosphoryl group
amphipathic containing both hydrophobic fatty acids and a hydrophilic head group.
formed in plastid and ER

101
Q

what are galactolipids

A

found in PM and are synthesized from phosphatidic acid.

has a galactosyl or sulfoquinovosyl group.

102
Q

what are sphingolipids

A

concentrated in PM,

play a signal transduction and cell recognition and hos-pathogen interactions

103
Q

what are phosphatidylinositol PI

A

structural lipid and presurosr for secondary mesenger production
secerral derivatives known as PtdIns– converts into IP3 and DAG.

104
Q

what does IP3 do?

A

specifically inducdes Ca2+ release from intracellular stores

105
Q

What does DAG do?

A

modulates activity of protein Kinase C.

106
Q

where does the biosynthesis of fatty acids occur

A

in plastids,

107
Q

what precursor is initially used in fatty acid biosynthesis?

A

Acetyl-CoA

108
Q

what converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA?

A

PDC and there is additional product of NADH

109
Q

name the two coenzymes A breaks into, and from what are they derived?

A

CoA, CoASH,

derived from vit B5, ATP, and cysteine

110
Q

what does ACCase do?

A

activates acetyl-CoA to malonyl CoA. its 2 step reaction requires 3 conserved structural domains and 4 non-catalytic biotin containing component.

111
Q

what does malonyl-CoA do?

A

its required outside the plastic where it serves as a substrate for a variety of enzymes.

112
Q

what is HOM-ACCase

A

its found in animals, fungi. its also cytosolic, and is a single functional polypeptide with 3 functional domains

113
Q

what HET-ACCase

A

its found in plastid, and is present in bacteria, and plants

114
Q

what is an emzyme used in ACCase reaction?

A

BC and it is carried and transported BCCP. and further transported via alpha-CT and Beta-CT.

115
Q

what is fatty acid synthase (FAS)

A

the types of enzymes that activate in fatty acids biosynthesis except ACCase.

116
Q

what are the two type of FAS

A

type 1- catalyzes several different reactions, common to mammals and fungi. its characterized by a large subunits.
type 2- common in most bacteria and plants.

117
Q

the assembly of fatty acids involves a central cofactor. what is it?

A

ACP

BOT*4380. UOG (1 decks)

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