Dr. Sample material exam 2 Flashcards
How are substances identified using the spectrophotometer?(Study guide)
the machine directs a beam of light through the solution and measures the amount of light is absorbed.
What wavelengths are your ultraviolet light, and which are your infrared light?
Shortest is ultraviolet, and longest is infrared.
If you have a substance that shows the color green what color does it not absorb?(When it comes to the spectrum of light)
Green
Look at slide 12/4
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How are substances identified using electrophoresis?(Study guide)
What is this commonly used to analyze?
It measures movement of charged particles through a solution of under the influence of an electrical field. This movement depends on many characteristics.
It is commonly used to separate and analyze serum proteins.
What are the five things that movement depends on in electrophoresis?
– Net charge – size and shape of the protein – strength of the electrical field – type of supporting medium – temperature
Look at slide 15/4 protein electrophoresis/densitometer
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What is the difference between quality controls and calibrators?(Study guide)
Quality control ensures the accuracy and precision. Calibrators are used to configure the instruments provide a result for a sample within an acceptable range (used to maintain instruments accuracy).
Data interpretation slide 16 – 31/4. Questions to follow this slide. But not on study guide.
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What is a reference limit?
Is the values at the very end of the reference interval (e.g. 5 – 9)
If you find a number outside reference interval what would you consider the number to be?
Abnormal value.
How do you calculate sensitivity of a test?
True positive/true positive+ false-negative
How do you calculate specificity?
True negative/true negative+ false positive
How do you calculate positive predictive value?
True positive/true positive+ false positive
How do you calculate negative predictive value?
True negative/true negative+ false-negative
What are pre-analytical factors that may affect you your data interpretation? (5) (slide 29/4)
– Medication/drugs – time of day – fasted or nonfasted samples – recent intense exercise – physical or chemical restraint
What is the most common source(s) of the laboratory error? (4)
Mislabeling or not legal in samples, test ordering and request completion, sample collection, sample handling.
Define accuracy.(Study guide)
Gauge how close the result is to the true value.
Define precision. (Study guide)
Gauge how repeatable result is when assaying the same sample.
Look at slide 36/4
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Introductory material slide 4 – 9/5
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What makes up total protein?
Albumin and globulins.
Where are albumin’s made? What are the two major roles?
The liver. Transport protein and colloidal osmotic pressure
Where globulins made and what are their functions?
The liver (Alpha and beta globulins) and lymphoid tissue (gamma globulins (primary)). Inflammation, coagulation, transport proteins(alpha and beta). Immunity (gamma globulins)
Look at slide 9/5
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What are the proteins routinely reported on a biochem profile? (Study guide)
Total protein, albumin, globulin, fibrinogen.
What is the difference between plasma protein and serum protein?(Study guide)
Plasma protein contains all protein and is the liquid portion of blood that has not clotted.
Serum protein does not contain fibrinogen. It is the liquid portion of blood that remains after clotting.
Look at slides 12 – 15/5 to answer how total protein is measured with a CBC and recognized utility in measure plasma fibrinogen in large animals.(Study guide)
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(Study guide)=Interpret abnormal patterns of protein evaluations seen in the protein electrophoresis tracings; explain difference between monoclonal and polyclonal gammopathy (slide 17 – 35/5) questions to follow.(question on this slide)
What are the two causes of hypoalbuminemia?
Decreased production and abnormal loss.
What can cause a decreased production leading to a hypoalbuminemia?(Name two most important, rest can be found on slide 18/5)
Inflammation and liver failure
others= severe malnutrition/maldigestion/malabsorption, intestinal parasites
What are the ways that abnormal loss can cause hypoalbuminemia? (Slide 18/5) (5)
Blood loss, intestinal loss (PLE), urinary loss (PLN), third spacing, skin diseases/burns
If you have hypoalbuminemia caused by malabsorption/maldigestion what might you see physically on the animal and with other chemistry analytes (3)?
Thin body condition score and ravenous appetite.
Other chemistry analytes: decreased glucose, decrease cholesterol, decreased urea
What might you see if hypoalbuminemia is due to liver failure/hepatic insufficiency? (4) (think of what liver is responsible for making) (slide 20/5)
Decreased glucose, decreased cholesterol, decreased urea, increasing globulins (usually) (the liver is not filtering antigens)
What might you see if hypoalbuminemia is due to PLN?
What are the four characteristics of nephrotic syndrome (PLN: protein losing nephropathy)?
Increasing cholesterol
Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, ascites.
What might you see if hyper albumin in your is caused by PLE (protein losing entropathy)? (one clinical sign and two things for your chemistry panel)(slide 22/5)
Clinical sign: diarrhea
Chemistry panel: decreased cholesterol, +/- decreased magnesium
What would you expect the cause of hyperalbuminemia to be?
Dehydration
What can cause hyperglobulinemia? (3) (slide 25/5)
Dehydration, inflammation (infectious=canine ehrlichiosis & FIP, noninfectious), and neoplasia( plasma cell tumors/multiple myeloma, B-cell lymphoma)
What causes polyclonal gammopathy?
Inflammation
What causes of monoclonal gammopathy?
Neoplasia
What are the 2 causes of panhypoproteinemia?()
Blood loss and Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE)
Look at slide 30-36/5
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What are the two causes of hypofibrinogenemia?
Hyperfibrinogenemia?
Liver failure & DIC
Inflammation & Renal dz.
Look at slide 4/6 for terminology
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Slides 5 – 10/6 renal function
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At what percent damage does the kidneys stop concentrating urine?
Percent for functionally impaired (azotemia)?
66%
75%
Look at slide 12/6
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Where is urea made?
The liver.
*It then moves into the liver and is measured as BUN.
Where is the blood urea nitrogen filtered?
The glomerulus (therefore is an indicator of GFR (glomerular filtration rate))
What are the three things that can cause variation within the BUN?
Production, reabsorption, excretion
What percent of urea is excreted in urine, and what percent is reabsorbed?
60% is excreted and 40% is reabsorbed
Look at slide 18/6
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Slide 20 – 21/6 creatinine
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When should you obtain a urine sample and measure USG (urine specific gravity)?(3)(slide 23 – 27/6)
- Suspected renal disease
- Geriatric wellness
- PU/PD
What is the minimum USG for a dog, cat, horse and cattle to be considered hypersthenuric?
Horse and cattle: 1.025
Dog: 1.030
Cat:1.035
What is the USG range for isothenuria?
1.007 – 1.013
Look at slides 29 – 34/6
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What are your differential diagnosis for polyuria?(Fall under two different categories: renal and extra renal)
Renal: renal failure, pyelonephritis
ExtraRenal: diuresis, medullary washout, endocrine (diabetes, hypoadrenocorticism), pyometra
What are the three major causes of azotemia?
What is azotemia?
pre-, post, renal
an increase in BUN and an increase in creatinine
Would you expect to see what prerenal azotemia?
Increase in BUN, creatinine, SpGr
What are the differential diagnosis is for prerenal azotemia? (2 list most important example for each) (slide 38/6)
– Decreased renal blood flow leads to decreased GFR (dehydration).
– Increased urea production (upper G.I. bleed)
Look at slides 39 – 43/6
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What would you expect to see with renal azotemia?
Increased BUN and creatinine with a isothenuric SpGr
What are the six differentials for a cause of renal azotemia? (Gen. not specific examples (e.g. hydronephrosis= don’t want as answer))(slide 47/6 for specific examples)
– infectious – toxins – hypoxia – neoplasia – congenital – miscellaneous
Look at slide 48/6
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Look at slides 52–56/6
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