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Bio 151 USD > Dr. Riley #1 Exam > Flashcards

Dr. Riley #1 Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Reductionist

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2
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Statistical—Model System (peas)

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3
Q

Was broadly interested in science

A

Mendel

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4
Q

Developed life long interest in heredity and meteorology as a university student

A

Mendel

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5
Q

Conducted thousands of crosses which, taken together, provided strong evidence for his principles

A

Mendel

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6
Q

Easy to maintain

  • small scale
  • few requirements
A

Model System (peas)

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7
Q

higher reproductive output

A

higher samples

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8
Q

Peas are easier to manipulate because…

A

self-fertilize

cross-fertilize

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9
Q

Dichotomous traits

A

either or—

Blending inheritance–never got intermediate

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10
Q

inheritance of a single trait

A

Mendel’s first experiments involved crossing pure lines that differed in just one trait

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11
Q

P-

A

parental generation

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12
Q

parental generation

A

P

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13
Q

F1-

A

offspring of P- first filial

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14
Q

offspring of P- first filial

A

F1

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15
Q

F2

A

F1 self-fertilizes-2nd filial

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16
Q

F1 self-fertilizes-2nd filial

A

F2

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17
Q

particulate inheritance

A

something passes unchanged through F1

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18
Q

hereditary determanents

A

genes

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19
Q

particles are independent of parent

A

recessive-disappear in F1

dominance- always show

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20
Q

gene

A

a stretch of DNA that codes for a functional RNA

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21
Q

Allele

A

specific version of a gene

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22
Q

Genotype

A

alleles an individual carries—-SS, Ss

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23
Q

Phenotype

A

how an individual looks

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24
Q

Uppercase

A

Dominant

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25
Q

Lowercase

A

Reccessive

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26
Q

SS

A

homozygous

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27
Q

Ss

A

heterozygous

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28
Q

“recessive” - pure breeding

A

1/3 pure breeding

2/3 “hybrids”

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29
Q

each parent 1/2 to offspring

A

parents 2 genes—sperm/egg have 1 for every trait

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30
Q

gametes

A

segregation of alleles

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31
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

1: 2:1 Genotypic ratio
3: 1 Phenotypic ratio

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32
Q

mono

A

1 hybrid- contrasting/pure breeding

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33
Q

F1

A

all heterozygous

all dominant phenotype

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34
Q

F2

A

both F1 have both–2 kinds of gametes

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35
Q

Test Cross

A

genotypic ratio= phenotypic ratio

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36
Q

Test Cross

A

1:1 if the unknown is hetero

ALL dominant phenotype is unknown is homo

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37
Q

test cross

A

unknown genotype

dominant phenotype

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38
Q

Autosomal

A

both male and female

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39
Q

dominant show up

A

every generation, even one copy BB,Bb

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40
Q

Recessive

A

skip generations, bb

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41
Q

X-linked

A

Dominant or Recessive

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42
Q

Y-linked

A

only males
father to ALL
son-doesn’t skip generation

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43
Q

XY

A

dad

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44
Q

XX

A

mom

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45
Q

Test cross

A

two possible outcomes

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46
Q

0_ x oo

A

Test cross

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47
Q

P1

A

all orange offspring (dominant)

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48
Q

P2

A

1:1 orange * white (dominant to recessive)

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49
Q

Gene pools

A

contain all the alleles in a population

50
Q

p+q=1

A

Hardy-Weinburg Model

51
Q

In the absence of evolutionary forces

A

allele frequencies remain the same, generation to generation

52
Q

alleles should NOT change

A

p or q

53
Q

p

A

1 allele= dominant

54
Q

q

A

1 allele= recessive

55
Q

Genotype frequencies are the products of allele frequencies

A

two p’s = p^2
two q’s = q^2
p and q = 2pq

56
Q

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

A

homo dominant + hetero + homo recessive = ALL

57
Q

Hardy - Weinburg Equation

A

Determining the frequency of the recessive allele

58
Q

the probability of getting a recessive allele from either parent is—

A

the frequency of the allele in the population

59
Q

the probability of getting TWO recessive alleles is the product of–

A

the probability of getting one form each parent

60
Q

We can count the number of individuals that got a recessive allele from both parents

A

HWE

61
Q

Assumptions of the HW model

A

the HW principle states

  • allele frequencies (p & q) remain the same
  • genotypic frequencies are the product of allele frequencies (p^2, 2pq, & q^2)
  • based on the assumptions
62
Q

If 4% of the population can wiggle ears, what is the frequency of the recessive allele? What is the carrier frequency in this population?

A 
wigglers- 4%
q^2 = 0.04
q = 0.20
2pq = 0.32
p = 0.8
63
Q

The HW principle states-

A 
allele frequencies (p & q) remain the same
genotypic frequencies are the product of allele frequencies (p^2, 2pq, q^2)
64
Q

HW principle is based on the assumptions of:

A

=null

—no evolution

65
Q

Biology Evolution–HW

A

change in [allele frequencies] in a [population over time]

66
Q

HWE=null=no evolution if–

A
  1. very large population
  2. no mutation
  3. random mating
  4. no gene flow
  5. selection
67
Q

mutation (in gene)

A

evolution

68
Q

A——> a

A

loss of function

69
Q

A1——->

A

A2

70
Q

Impact minor in populations

A
  • lethal or deleterious
  • recessive
  • random
  • raw material for natural selection
71
Q

Non random mating

A

peas

72
Q

Non- random mating

Peas

A
  • inbreeding=extreme non-random mating (selfing)

- reduces heterozygosity (by itself)

73
Q

(no) =/= evolution

A

by itself

74
Q

expose rare

A

deleterious mutations

75
Q

deleterious mutations

A

lower fitness

76
Q

Fitness

A

relative proportion of your contribution to next generation

77
Q

no gene flow

A

genetic rescue

out-breeding depression

78
Q

selection

A

heritable(alleles) variation (diff.) —-> differential

survival and reproduction

79
Q

Natural Selection occurs in a wide variety of patterns:

A

Directional
Stabilizing
Disruptive
Balancing

80
Q

Directional Selection

A

changes the average value of a trait

81
Q
  • average values toward the other extreme
  • reduces values toward the other extremes
  • variation in the trait is reduced
A

Directional Selection

82
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

reduces genetic variation in a trait

83
Q
  • average value of a trait does no change over time

- reduces both extremes in a population

A

Stabilizing Selection

84
Q

Directional

A

more extreme

85
Q

Directional

A

lower variation

86
Q

Stabilizing

A

to average

“Goldilocks”

87
Q

Stabilizing

A

lower variation

88
Q

Stabilizing

A

higher mortality at both extremes

89
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

increases variation in a trait

90
Q
  • intermediate phenotypes are selected against
  • extreme phenotypes are favored
  • Overall amount of genetic variation in the population is maintained
A

Disruptive

91
Q

Disruptive

A

anything but average

92
Q

Disruptive

A

for extremes - means the same

93
Q

Disruptive

A

higher variation

94
Q

Balancing Selection

A

maintains variation in a trait

95
Q
  • occurs when no single allele has a distinct advantage

- there is a balance among several alleles in terms of their fitness and frequency

A

Balancing Selection

96
Q

balancing

A

selection against phenotype

97
Q

balancing

A

mean stays the same

98
Q

balancing

A

variation is maintained

99
Q

neither allele good in homozygotes

A

balancing

100
Q

heterozygote = most fit

A

balancing

101
Q

fitness

A

survival and reproduction

102
Q

sexual selection = natural selection

A

higher reproductive success at cost of survival

103
Q

sexual di(two)morphism(shape)

A

fitness

104
Q

eggs are “expensive”

A

fundamental asymmetry of sex

105
Q

Genetic Drift

A

any change in allele frequencies in a population due to chance (sampling error)

106
Q

Founder effect

A

genetic drift caused by a small number of individuals establishing a disjunct population.

107
Q

immigrants establish a new population

A

founder effect

108
Q

New population is likely to have different allele frequencies than the source population, by chance

A

founder effect

109
Q

Genetic Bottleneck

A

genetic drift caused by a sudden, dramatic reduction in the number of individuals in a population.

110
Q

High mortality strikes individuals at random

A

Genetic bottleneck

111
Q

this population is likely to have different allele frequencies than original population, by chance

A

Genetic Bottleneck

112
Q

The CNGB3 gene codes for a protein necessary for

A

color vision

113
Q

The frequency of a recessive, loss-of-function allele is less than _____ in the general population

A

1.0%

114
Q

Individuals homozygous for this allele have…

A

achromatopsia

115
Q

Mutation

A

increases genetic variation and provieds the raw material for natural selectoin, but is generally deleterious

116
Q

Non-random mating

Migration

A

have mixed effects on populations

117
Q

Genetic drift

A

cannot improve the fit of a population to its environment

118
Q

Natural selection

A

frequently reduces variation, but is the only process by which organisms become better suited to their environments

119
Q

Natural selection reduces variation

A

directional and stabilizing

120
Q

Natural selection is strong if the payoff is big

A
  • predators vs. prey
  • male sea lions vs. female
  • antibiotic resistance in bacteria
121
Q

If natural selection is weak, variation is maintained or increases

A
  • adaptive radiations

- maintenance of non-coding and vestigial features

122
Q

disruptive selection causes…

A

divergence

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