Dr Ngozi Flashcards
1
Q
What is my name
A
Blessing
2
Q
———-are the topical preparations which can be applied on the skin.
A
Creams
3
Q
———-are defined as viscous liquid or semi-solid emulsions.
A
Creams
4
Q
Cream can be either ———- or ———- dosage forms
A
oil-in-water or water-in-oil type
5
Q
What are the type of creams
A
Oil-in-Water (O/W)
Water-in-Oil (W/O
6
Q
————— creams which are composed of small droplets of oil dispersed in a continuous phase water.
A
Oil-in-Water (O/W)
7
Q
———— are creams which are composed of small droplets of water dispersed in a continuous oily phase
A
Water-in-Oil (W/O)
8
Q
What are the types of cream based on Function
A
Make-up cream (o/w emulsion):
Cleansing cream
Winter cream (w/o emulsion):
All-purpose cream and general creams.
Night cream and massage creams.
Skin protective creams.
9
Q
Type of makeup creams
A
Vanishing cream
Foundation cream
10
Q
Type of makeup creams
A
Vanishing cream
Foundation cream
11
Q
What are the raw materials used in preparing creams
A
Water
Oil, fats and waxes
Emollients
Humectant
Vitamin
Perfume
Preservatives
12
Q
———- is commonly refers to as moisturizer
A
Emollient
13
Q
What are the work of emollient
A
They work by increasing the ability of the skin to hold water, providing the skin with a layer of oil to prevent water loss and lubricating the skin.
14
Q
Waxes act as a ————-
fats act as a ————-
oil act as a ———-
In creams
A
emulsifier
thickener
perfuming agent,
15
Q
How is w/o emulsion creams prepared
A
The oil soluble components and the emulsifier are taken in one beaker and melted at 75°C.
•And in another beaker water and water soluble components are taken and melted at 75°C.
•After melting, water phase are taken in mortar and pestle
•slowly oil phase was added and triturated till clicking sound was heard.
• when the temperature of the cream get cooled, the perfuming agent are then added.
16
Q
How is o/w emulsion cream prepared
A
The oil soluble components and the emulsifier are taken in one beaker and melted in a water bath at 75°C.
• in other beaker water, preservatives and water soluble components are taken and melted at 75°C.
• After heating, the oil phase was taken in a mortar and pestle and slowly the water phase was added and triturated till clicking sound was heard.
17
Q
What is a ointment
A
Ointments are semisolid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes that soften or melt at body temperature
18
Q
————— are generally used on dry,scaly lesions, as their emollient properties will aid in rehydrating the skin.
A
Ointments (oleagenious bases)
19
Q
Ointment stay longer than creams and lotions
True/False
A
True
20
Q
What are the Purposes for Using ointments
A
Protecting injured areas from environment to permit rejuvenation of the skin
•Providing skin hydration or an emollient effect
•Providing a means of conveying a medication to the skin for a specific effect, either systemic or topical.
•The amount of drug that actually penetrates the skin from ointment is a function of amount of pressure and vigor of rubbing, surface area covered, condition of the skin, actual base used and use of occlusive dressings
21
Q
What the the types of ointment
A
Absorption and Oleaginous ointment
22
Q
What are the properties of Absorption ointment:
A
Insoluble in water, not water washable, anhydrous but can absorb water
Serves as emollient, occlusive and greasy
23
Q
Mention examples of adsorption ointment
A
Aquabase/ Aquaphor
Hydrophillic petrolatum
24
Q
What are the properties of Oleaginous ointment
A
insoluble in water, not water washable,
will not absorb water, serve as emollient
occlusive and tends to be greasy
25
What are the examples of Oleaginous ointment
white petrolatum, white ointment
26
If a water-in-oil emulsifying agent is added to an oleaginous base, then an absorption base is formed.
True or false
True
27
If a water-in-oil emulsifying agent is added to an oleaginous base, then an absorption base is formed.
True or false
True
28
What are the two methods use in preparing ointment
Manual method and mechanical method
29
What is the difference btw manual method and mechanical method
Manual methods primarily use a pill tile and spatula or mortar and pestle.
While
Mechanical uses mixers which range from hand-held propeller types to kitchen type mixers with paddles/blades are used in production of cream.
30
What is the Advantage of a pill
Advantage of a pill is that it can be used for some particle side reduction as well as for mixing the ointment
•It is easy to clean.
31
How is Oleagenous Ointment Prepared
Oleagenous ointments e.g 5% sulfur in white petrolatum can easily be prepared on a pill tile with a spatula.
•Step 1; levigation of drug with a small quantity of the base or some liquid that is miscible with the base.
•The remainder of the ointment vehicle is added by geometric dilution.
32
How is Absorption Ointment Prepared
Uses absorption ointment base such as hydrophilic petrolatum.
•Active drug in solution or suspension can be taken up into the base rather easily.
•If incorporating a water – insoluble powder, levigation can be used
•But if incorporating water –soluble powder, it can be first be dissolved in a minimal quantity of water.
•the water incorporated into the base using pill tile and spatula or mortar and pestle.
•If a large quantity of water or an aqueous solution is to be incorporated, heating of the base is advisable.
•The base can be melted using a water bath or direct heat and then the aqueous phase added with stirring
•Cooling with continued stirring will complete the preparation of the water-in-oil emulsion final product
33
What are the two official ointment formulas
White Ointment USP
White wax 50g
White petrolatum 950g
1000g
•Hydrophilic Petrolatum , USP
Cholesterol 30g
Stearyl alcohol 80 g
White wax(Emulsifying wax) 80 g
White Petrolatum 860 g
1000g
34
———- is used when preparing a base or a product containing some high melting point ingredients.
Heat
35
What are the two methods employed in the addition of heat
Water bath or direct heat
36
———- is used for low-temperature melting point bases.
While
———- is for preparation of high-temperature melting point bases.
Water bath
Direct heat
37
———— are thick, stiff ointments that ordinarily do not flow at body temperatures
Pastes
38
———- serve as protective coatings over the areas to which they are applied and is 20% solid
Paste
39
What are the Characteristics of pastes
Paste are stiffer than other semisolid dosage forms such as ointments and creams hence they remain stable
•Because of high powder contents pastes are porous hence perspiration can evaporate.
•They do not interfere with the non-infected area of the skin.
•These are considerably less greasy when compared to ointments
•They are mostly applied over moist lesions as they possess good adhesive property towards
40
What are the two types of paste
Fatty paste
Aqueous gel paste
41
———- is a paste Formulation that consist of fatty or oleaginous bases.
Fatty pastes:
42
————- is a type of paste Prepared with water miscible bases.
Aqueous Gel Paste
43
What are the examples of fatty paste and aqueous gel paste?
Fatty: Zinc Oxide paste
Aqueous: Sodium hydroxymethyl cellulose paste, Titanium dioxide paste, Magnesium sulfate paste, resorcinol and sulfur paste
44
Paste are generally prepared using ————-1
oleaginous bases
45
Paste are more easily prepared using heat why?
•This allows for an easier introduction of the high percentage of powders into the base.
46
What are considerations you should look out for when using heat to prepare paste
During heating consideration must be given to thermal stability of the ingredients to be incorporated into the base.
•During cooling process the product is continually stirred to prevent settling of the solid
47
———— are semi-solid systems consisting of suspensions made up of small inorganic particles or large organic molecules interpenetrated by a liquid.
Gels
48
What are the characteristics of gels
Gels should have clarity and sparkle.
•Most Gels are water soluble, water washable, water absorbing and greaseless and act as absorption bases.
•The gel should also maintain its viscosity and character over a wide temperature range
•Gels exhibit a number of different characteristics such as imbibition, swelling, syneresis, and thixotropy
49
What are the 2 phase system of gel
Two phase systems
Single phase gel
50
————— is a phase system of gel where gel mass consist of a network of small, discrete particles.
Two phase systems
51
If the particle size of the dispersed phase of two phase system of gel is large, the product is called ———-
magma
52
————— is a gel phase system that consist of organic macromolecules. uniformly distributed throughout a liquid in such a manner that no apparent boundaries exist between the dispersed macromolecules and the liquids.
Single phase gel
53
Single-phase gels may be made from —————— or from —————-.
synthetic macro-molecules or natural gums (mucilages)
54
The continuous phase of a single phase gel can is aqueous only
True or false
False (can also be alcoholic or oleaginous)
55
The first and major classification of gel are —————- and —————-
•Inorganic gels
• Organic gels
56
Inorganic are usually two-phase systems
True or false
True
57
Organic gels are———- phase systems
single
58
Second classification of Gels are ————- and —————
Hydrogels and Organogels
59
Hydrogels ingredients are dispersible as colloids or soluble in water
True/false
True
60
List some examples of hydrophilic colloids
silica, bentonite, tragacanth, pectin, sodium alginate, methylcellulose, sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose (Na CMC), and alumina which in high concentrations form semisolid gels.
61
What are examples of organogels
hydrocarbon type
Animal/vegetable parts
Soap-base grease
hydrophilic organogels
62
———— is a semi solid gel consisting of a liquid component together with “proto-substance” and a crystalline waxy fraction.
Petrolatum
63
What is the function The crystalline waxy fraction
Provides rigidity to the structure
64
What is the function of The proto-substance (Gel Former)
stabilizes the systems and thickens the gel.
65
—————- are gels soluble to about 75% in water and are completely washable. The gels look and feel like petrolatum. They are non-ionic and stable.
Hydrophyllic organogels
66
List some examples of Gel forming Agents:
•Acacia, Alginic acid, carbomer, carboxylmethyl cellulose, sodium carboxylmethylcellulose,
•Colloidal silicon dioxide, Gelatin, magnesium aluminum silicate, methyl cellulose
•Plastibase/jelene, methylcellulose, povidone
•Guar gum, starch, tragacanth, xanthan gum
67
The concentration of the gelling agents is mostly less than ——-usually in the range of 0.5% to 2%, with some exceptions.
10 %
68
What is the formula and preparation of Clear Carbomer Gel
Carbomer 934 0.5g
Triethanolamine 1.2 g
glycerine 34.2 g
Propylene glycol 2.0 g
Purified water qs 100g
1.Calculate the quantity of each ingredients for the total amount to be prepared.
2. Accurately weigh or measure each ingredients
3. Disperse the carbomer 934 in 20 ml of water that is rapidly agitated and allowed for 24 hrs to set for the escape of air bubbles
4. Add triethanolamine and bring the volume to 40 ml with purified water.
5. Add the other ingredients and mix well. Add sufficient
69
What is the formula and preparation of Methyl Cellulose Gel
Methylcellulose 1500 cps 1% to 5%
•Purified water qs 100%
1.Calculate the quantity of each ingredient for the total amount to be prepared
2.Accurately weigh each ingredient
3. Add the methylcellulose to about 50 ml of boiling purified water and disperse well.
4.Add the remaining purified water, ice cold, to make 100 ml volume of gel
5.Stir until uniform and thickened
6.package and label
70
How can Piroxicam 0.5% in an Alcoholic Gel be prepared
Hydroxypropylcellulose 1.75g
70% isopropyl alcohol 98.25 ml
Propylene glycol 4.1 ml
Polysorbate 80 1.7 ml
Piroxicam 20 mg capsules 25 capsules
Preparation:
1.Calculate the quantity of each ingredient for the total amount to be prepared.
2.Accurately weigh or measure each ingredient
3. Make the hydroxypropylcellulose gel by mixing the hydroxypropylcellulose in the alcohol until a clear gel results.
4. Make a paste with the piroxicam powder (from capsules), the propylene glycol and polysorbate 80.
5. Using geometric dilution, add the hydroxypropylcellulose gel and qs to 100g.
6. Package and label
( It is important to use an alcoholic water mixture such as 70% isopropyl alcohol or a gel may not form)
71
What are the areas gel can be applied
orally
•Topically
•Intranasally
•Vaginal
•Rectally
72
drugs administered by nasal gels showing better absorption than orally administration
True or false
True
73
Give examples of Gels that can serve as ointment bases.
Plastibase and mineral oil gels
Pluronic lecithin organogel
74
———— are a class of gels in which the structural coherent matrix contains a high proportion of liquid, usually water.
Jellies
75
Jellies are subject to bacterial contamination and growth
True or false
True
76
What are the different characteristics of jelly
imbibition, swelling, syneresis, and thixotropy.
77
What is the formula for Lubricating Jelly And how are they made
•Methylcellulose 4000 cps 0.8%
•Carbpol 934 0.24%
•Propylene glycol 16.7%
•Methylparaben 0.015%
•Sodium Hydroxide qs pH7
•Purified water qs 100%
1.Calculate the quantity of each ingredient for the total amount to be prepared
2.Accurately weigh or measure each ingredient
3. Disperse the methylcelullose in 40 ml of hot ( 80 to 90 deg C) water
4. Chill overnight in a refrigerator to effect solution.
5.Disperse the carbopol 934 in 20 ml water with agitation.
6. Adjust the pH of the dispersion to 7.0 by adding sufficient 1% sodium chloride solution (12 ml is required) and bring the volume to 40 ml with purified water.
7. Dissolve the methylparabens in the propylene glycol.
78
Why is Heavy kaolin is commonly included in the formula for preparing poultices
because it acts as a carrier of heat.
79
What is poultices
Poultices are soft, viscous wet masses of solid substances applied to the skin for their formentation action in order to provide relief from pain or reduce inflammation or to act as a counter-irritant.
80
Can Poultice is applied directly to the affected area
Yes or No
No (to the affected part after heating it in a china dish with occasional stirring until heat is tolerated on the back of the hand.)
81
What is the formula of Poultices-Kaolin and how is it prepared
Kaolin Poltice
•Boric acid BP 45g
•Heavy Kaolin BP 565 g
•Methyl Saliyclate BP 2 ml
•Thymol BP 0.5g
•Pepperment oil B.P. 0.5 ml
•Glycerin BP 387g
•as active ingredient ( it also contain glycerol BP)
Preparation of poultices
•Mix the heavy Kaolin and boric acid with glycerine to form a smooth paste in a china dish
•Heat the mixture at 120 deg C for one hr on a sand bath with occasional stirring and allow to cool. ( this was done to kill the spor
82
What is suppositories and pessaries
Suppositories and pessaries are solid dosage form intended for administration of medicine via rectum, urethra and vagina that melt, soften or dissolve in the body cavity.
83
————- and ————-are most common types of pessaries
Rectal and vagina
84
Pessaries are available in ———- and ———— shape
Ovoid and globular
85
Pessaries can be made as compressed tablets.
True or false
True
86
What are the properties of an ideal suppository base
• Should be stable
•Should be non-irritating
•Chemically and physiological inert
•Compatible with a variety of drugs
•Should melt or dissolved in rectal fluids
•Be stable during storage
•Should not bind or otherwise interfere with the release or absorption of drug substances
•Higher melting points bases are used in formulating suppositories use in tropical climates
•Lower melting point bases can be used when adding materials that will raise the melting point or when adding large amounts of solids
87
According to physical characteristics based can be classified into three major types namely;
Oil- soluble bases
Hydrogenated vegetable oil bases
Water- soluble bases
88
What are the two methods use for the preparation of suppository
•(1) Preparation by compression
•(2) Fusion or preparation by mold
89
———— is most stable and is chosen for suppositories.
β form
90
Which of this forms β, β’ α,ӯ is more stable
β
91
What are examples of Oil-soluble Bases
Coca butter or theobroma oil
92
The use of water soluble bases may result in some irritation why ?
because, as they take up water and dissolve, they may produce slight dehydration of the rectal mucosa.
93
List two examples of water soluble bases
Polyethylene glycol supporsitory and poly base, Glycerinated gelatin
94
Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil bases are also known as —————-
Fattibase
95
————-is a preblended suppository base that offers the advantages of a cocoa butter base with few of the draw backs.
Fattibase
96
————- is a type of base Composed of triglycerides
Hydrogenated vegetable oil bases
97
————- is a type of base Stable with low irritation profile.
A)Oil- soluble bases
B)Hydrogenated vegetable oil bases
C)Water- soluble bases
B
98
———— are bases that solidify rapidly in the mold and lubrication is not necessary as it contracts nicely.
Witepsol bases
99
————— is a base that exhibit most of the desirable features of cocoa butter but few of its shortcomings.
Wecobee bases:
100
What are the steps involved in the fusion method of suppository preparation
•a) the melting of the base
•(b) incorporating of any required medicaments
•(c) pouring the melt into molds
•(d) allowing the melt to cool and congeal into suppositories
•(e) removing the formed suppositories from the mold.
101
————— is a method of preparing suppositories from a mixed mass of grated suppository base and medicaments which is forced into a special compression mold using suppository making machines.
Compression molding
102
Compression Moulding for
•On a small scale, —————may be used
• On large scale , —————- is used
a mortar and pestle
kneading mixers
103
How are suppositories stored
Suppositories are usually packed in tin or aluminium paper or plastic.
104
Polyethylene glycol suppositories is stored in refrigeration.
True or false
False ( usual at room temperature without the requirements of refrigeration)
105
—————— is a liquid preparations in which the therapeutic agent and the various excipients are dissolved in the chosen solvent system.
Pharmaceutical solutions
106
The vehicle of a solution is usually —————
Water
107
What are examples of solvent used in solution
Co-solvent ( alcohol, glycerin etc)
Surfactant
Preservatives
Sweeteners
Antioxidant
Color
Flavors
Buffers
108
Why is Purified Water the preferred and most commonly used vehicle in solutions for oral administration.
due to the low cost and low toxicity
109
Can tap-water be used as a vehicle for in solution
Yes or No
No
110
water is prepared by ——————, —————— or ——————
distillation, ion exchange methods or by reverse osmosis.
111
Why are co-solvents are employed in oral solution
to increase the solubility of the therapeutic agent within the formulation.
112
The main co-solvents that are used in the formulation of oral solutions are ————-, —————- and —————-
glycerol, alcohol, propyleneglycol
113
—————- are chemicals that possess both hydrophilic (water-liking) and hydrophobic (water-disliking) regions.
Surface-active agents
114
Which of the following is used to increase the solubility of therapeutic agents in the chosen vehicle.
A) co- solvent
B) surfactant
C) complexation
D) all of the above
D
115
molecules that are present in the bulk aqueous phase will orient themselves in an attempt to shield the hydrophobic regions of the surface-active agent is referred to as a————— and the concentration of surface-active agent at this occurs is termed the ——————
micelle
critical micelle concentration (CMC)
116
————— refers to the interaction of a poorly soluble therapeutic agent with an organic molecule, e.g. surface-active agents, hydrophilic polymers to generate a soluble intermolecular complex.
Complexation
117
What is a concern regarding the use of solution of drug complexes
is the ability of the complex to dissociate following administration.
118
What are the factors to consider before choosing a methods that may be used for the solubilisation of therapeutic agents.
•consideration of the stability of the formed solution
• the pharmaceutical acceptability of the solubilisation strategy and cost
• drug–polymer complex would prevent drug absorption across biological membranes.
119
What are sweetening agent used for
increase the palatability of the therapeutic agent.
120
main sweetening agents employed in oral preparations are ————, ————, —————, —————, ———-, ————
sucrose, liquid glucose, glycerol, sorbitol, saccharin sodium and aspartame.
121
The viscosity of pharmaceutical solutions may be easily increased (and controlled) by the addition of ————— or —————-
non-ionic or ionic hydrophilic polymers.
122
Why are Antioxidants are included in pharmaceutical solutions?
to enhance the stability of therapeutic agents that are susceptible to chemical degradation by oxidation.
123
—————— are compounds that inhibit free radical-induced drug decomposition.
Antioxidant
124
List Examples of antioxidants that are commonly used for aqueous formulations
sodium sulphite, sodium metabisulphite, sodium formaldehyde sulphoxylate and ascorbic acid.
125
in aqueous solution antioxidants are oxidised (and hence degraded) in preference to the therapeutic agent
True or false
True
126
Why do the concentration of antioxidant in the finished product to be markedly less than the initial concentration
due to oxidative degradation during manufacture of the dosage form.
127
—————are included in pharmaceutical solutions to control the microbial bioburden of the formulation.
Preservatives
128
What are the properties of a good preservatives
possess a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity encompassing Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi
•be chemically and physically stable over the shelf-life of the product
•have low toxicity.
129
—————— act to form complexes with heavy-metal ions, ions that are normally involved in oxidative degradation of therapeutic agents.
Antioxidant
130
Antioxidants may also be employed in conjunction with chelating agent
True or false
True
131
What is the full meaning for MIC
the minimum inhibitory concentration:
132
What are the Factors affecting preservatives in oral solutions include:
(1) the pH of the formulation
(2) the presence of micelles
(3) the presence of hydrophilic polymers.
133
What is the use of flavors in drug substances
Taste masking
134
What are Flavours that can be used to mask a salty taste:
butterscotch , apricot ,peach ,vanilla , wintergreen mint.
135
What are Flavours that may be used to mask a bitter taste
cherry ,mint , anise.
136
What Flavours canbe used to mask a sweet taste
vanilla fruit and berry
137
What Flavours may be used to mask a sour taste
citrus flavours, raspberry.
138
How is optimal taste-masking property achieved
Usually a combination of flavours i
139
————— and ————— are excipients that may be added to oral solution formulations, which is referred to as flavour adjuncts
menthol and chloroform
140
What does flavor adjunct do
They add flavour to the formulation and act to desensitise the taste receptors.
141
Why are solutions considered stable
Solution is stable as the solute particles do not settle down when left undisturbed.
142
What are three types of stability.
•Stable
•Unstable .
•Neutral .
143
•True solution is stable
True or false and why?
True (as it is a homogenous mixture)
144
What are the characteristics of a stable solution
the particles are completely dissolved in the solvent so when the solution is left undisturbed,
the particles don't settle down and so it's stable always.
145
All supersaturated solutions are unstable.
True or false
True
146
Increased temperature usually decrease the solubility of solids in liquids.
True or false
False ( solubility is increased)
147
—————- solution contains more solute at a given temperature than is needed to form a saturated solution.
supersaturated
148
pH affect chemical stability of solution.
True or false
True
149
Drug product stability also involves the evaluation of —————- and —————
chemical stability and physical stability
150
——————of the drug substance in the dosage form matrix must support the expiration dating for the commercially prepared dosage forms and a beyond-use date for compounded dosage form.
The Chemical stability
151
What are the three principal types of solution formulations that are administered orally
• oral solutions,
•oral syrups
• oral elixirs.
152
Oral solutions are administered to the——————- to provide systemic absorption of the therapeutic agent.
gastrointestinal tract
153
All excipients used in oral solution must not be physically and chemically compatible
True or false
False ( must)
154
What are excipients used to prepare oral solution
buffers
preservatives
antioxidants
flavours and colours
viscosity-modifying agents
155
the colour should be selected to complement the flavour of the formulation in oral solution
True or false
True
156
————-are concentrated, aqueous preparations of a sugar or sugar substitute with or without flavouring agents and medicinal substances.
Syrups
157
Syrups can serve as a pleasant-tasting vehicles for active drugs.
True or false
True
158
The usual pH requirement form for many drugs is slightly to ——————
moderately acidic.
159
The preservative properties of a syrup are partially dependent upon maintaining a ———————- in the final preparation.
high concentration of sucrose or sugar
160
•If the sucrose concentration is decreased, it may be necessary to add another preservative
True or false
True
161
What are major components of syrup.
Water, sucrose, preservatives, colour and flavour
162
—————-are clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic solutions that are usually flavoured and are suitable for drugs that are insoluble in water alone but soluble in water-alcohol mixtures.
Elixirs
163
What is a example of elixirs
Example Paracetamol powder
164
Elixirs are usually prepared by ————-
simple solution
165
when preparing elixir, alcohol-soluble components are usually dissolved in the water, and water-soluble components in the alcohol .
True or false
False ( alcohol to alcohol and water to water)
166
Then the aqueous phase is generally added to the alcoholic solution to always maintain the highest alcohol concentration.
True or false
True
167
When preparing elixirs, care must be taken to keep the alcohol concentration and pH within the range for maximum stability of both the drug and dosage form
True or false
True
168
What are the major components of Elixir
Alcohol, water, flavour, colour, sweetener
169
————- are viscous preparations that contain the therapeutic agent dissolved in a vehicle composed of a high percentage of sucrose and, if required, other sweetening agents.
Linctuses
170
————— are primarily employed for the treatment of cough, due to their soothing actions on the inflamed mucous membranes.
Linctuses
171
Linctuses may also be formulated as sugar-free alternatives in which sucrose is replaced by—————— and the required concentration of sweetening agent.
sorbitol
172
—————-are designed for the treatment of infection and inflammation of the oral cavity.
Mouth washes/gargles
173
use of alcohol as a co-solvent in mouthwash may act to enhance the ——————
antimicrobial properties of the therapeutic agent.
174
What are the formulation components are frequently required to enhance the palatability and acceptability of the preparation ?
These include preservatives, colours, flavouring agents and non-cariogenic sweetening agents.
175
———— are pharmaceutical solutions that are administered rectally and are employed to ensure clearance of the bowel.
Enemas
176
How does Enemas soften faeces
by increasing the amount of water in the large bowel (osmotic laxatives).
177
Why does enemas Aqueous formulations usually contain salts (e.g. phosphates)
•
to alter the osmolality within the rectum, thereby increasing the movement of fluid to the rectal contents.
