Dr J - fundamentals

Question 1

pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

what the body does to drugs and how fast it does it (e.g. absorption, distribution, metabolism (biotransformation), excretion)

Question 2

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 2

what drugs do to the body

(receptor binding, signal transduction, physiologic effect)

Question 3

Drugs are chemical substances used for:

Answer 3

• Preventing, treating or diagnosing disease (1938)
• Preventing pregnancy (1960’s)
• Recreational or other forms of abuse (1970)

Question 4

Pharmacotherapeutics

and 2 types of these.

Answer 4

Treatment of disease by drugs.

1. Palliative (most drugs) - symptomatically
2. Curative (some drugs)

Question 5

drugs that prevent:

Answer 5

• Vaccines
• Anticoagulants
• Antiseptics

Question 6

drugs that Dx

Answer 6

• Radiographic contrast media (e.g. barium)

- Mydriatics for dilating pupil in ophthalmic exams

Question 7

drugs that tx

Answer 7

Palliative (most drugs): 
   Nasal Decongestants
   Antihypertensives
   Anxiolytics
   Analgesics
Curative:
   Antibiotics
   Antineoplastics

Question 8

Most drugs are _____ compounds with C, O, H, and st N.

Answer 8

organic

Question 9

most drugs have 3 names

Answer 9

chemical
generic (official)
trade (proprietary)

Question 10

What are the multiple formulations of drugs?

Answer 10

Formulations: Tablets, Capsules, Pills? (not these as far as MDs wld think), Pearls, Solutions, Suspensions, Ointments, Tinctures, Salves

Question 11

What are the routes of administration of drugs?

Answer 11

1. Enteral (ent-gut): oral, rectal
2. Parenteral (parent - other than gut):
   Sublingual
   Intramuscular
   Intravenous
   Subcutaneous
   Intrathecal (into CSF)
   Topical (rub only skin)
   Transdermal (applied with patch to expose to skin longer*)

Question 12

Why are transdermal patches used vs topical application?

Answer 12

*Keratin – boxcar like protein that gives skin rigidity and this binding with AAs creates a insoluble barrier keeping drugs from passing easily. Transdermal holds drug in place and this hydrolyzes the keratin.

Question 13

drug absorption

Answer 13

passage of drug from site of administration into bloodstream

Question 14

drug distribution

Answer 14

passage of drug from bloodstream

Question 15

Drug absorption and distribution are determined by 3 things:

Answer 15

1. Drug molecular size.
2. Drug solubility (and polarity).
3. Conditions (i.e. blood flow, cell junctions, inflammation) at site of tissues to be penetrated by drug.

Question 16

What increases drug solubility?

lipid or water solubility

Answer 16

lipid solubility (nonpolar/nonionized) molecules can dissolve in the phospholipid layer of cell membrane & filter through protein layer. Highly lipid soluble drugs must often attach to water soluble plasma proteins to be transported in the aqueous blood stream.

Question 17

What barrier is an example of conditions that limit absorption and distribution of a drug?

Answer 17

BBB - blood brain barrier

Question 18

Plasma proteins help with what?

Answer 18

Transport of highly lipid soluble (nonpolar/nonionized) drugs in blood plasma. These are temp inactive and cannot be distributed.

Question 19

What form of drug can be distributed and be physiologically active upon receptors?

Answer 19

“Free drugs” - not bound in plasma proteins

Question 20

drugs that activate receptors are termed:

Answer 20

agonists

Question 21

drugs that block receptors are termed:

Answer 21

antagonists

Question 22

measures of desirable drug actions include:

Answer 22

potency - dose req’d to produce min response

efficacy - max magnitude of response

Question 23

measures of drug toxicity:

Answer 23

margin of safety - diff bet toxic and effective dose (a neg MoS means there’s neg effects before therapeutic effect. You want a large MoS.)
Therapeutic index - ratio of toxic and effective dose (TI=TD/ED) want a larger TI

Question 24

measures of drug longevity

Answer 24

duration of action - amt of time the drug acts on system

half-life - time req’d for 1/2 of drug to be eliminated.

Question 25

most drug/receptor bonds are reversible _____ (_____) bonds.

Answer 25

ionic (weak) bonds

Question 26

what type of drug/receptors bonds are rare?

Answer 26

Covalent (strong) irreversible bonds

Question 27

Drug stimulating a receptor and causing change inside a cell is an ____.

Answer 27

agonist

Question 28

drug inhibiting a receptor from causing change inside a cell is an ____.

Answer 28

antagonist