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MBB164 - Molecular Biology > Dr Hettema > Flashcards

Dr Hettema Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two problems eukaryotic cells have with regards to their large size?

A
  • Low surface area/volume ratio

- Problems with keeping concentration of reactants sufficiently high

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2
Q

What are some ways used to increase surface area/volume ratio?

A
  • Flattened cells e.g. Human skin fibroblasts

- Microvilli from intestinal mucosa

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3
Q

How are concentrations of reactants kept sufficiently high?

A

Compartmentalisation of cellular functions

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4
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

The viscous contents of a cell that are contained within the plasma membrane excluding the nucleus

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5
Q

What are organelles?

A

Any discrete intracellular structure that is specialised for carrying out a particular function

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6
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

Unstructured aqueous phase of the cytoplasm excluding organelles. membranes and insoluble material (cytoskeleton)

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7
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  • Encloses the cellular contents, provides barrier
    • Regulates compound movement
      - Maintains cell shape
    • Communicates with other cells and extracellular environment
    • Attachment to extracellular structures
    • Location of certain reactions
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8
Q

What are the properties of the nucleolus?

A
  • Granular body consisting of RNA and protein

- Site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly

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9
Q

What are the properties of the nuclear pores?

A
  • Where the nuclear envelopes inner membrane and outer membrane come together
  • Exchange between cytoplasm and nucleus
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10
Q

What are the two major pathways of the endomembrane system?

A
  • Secretory pathway

- Endocytic pathway

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11
Q

What is the pathway of the secretory pathway?

A
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
    • Golgi
    • Secretory vesicles
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12
Q

What is the pathway of the endocytic pathway?

A
  • Endosomes
    • Lysosomes
    • Autophagosomes
    • Phagosomes
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13
Q

What is the function of the endocytic pathway?

A
  • Directs material to lysosomes
    • Uptake of small macromolecules by invagination of the plasma membrane
    • Uptake of particles from the outside of the cell
    • Degradation of aged organelles by lysosomes
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14
Q

What are the properties of endosomes?

A
  • Bound by a single membrane
    • Varied shape
    • Sort proteins for degradation or re-use
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15
Q

What are the properties of lysosomes?

A
  • Bound by a single membrane
    • Heterogeneous morphology
    • High contents of hydrolytic enzymes involved in the breakdown of polymers at low pH
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16
Q

What are the properties of the sER?

A
  • No ribosomes on outer surface
    • Lipid biosynthesis
    • Modify hydrophobic chemicals to make them more water soluble
17
Q

What are the properties of the Golgi complex?

A
  • Stack of flattened vesicles
    • Processing and packaging of secretory and membrane proteins
      - Sorting of proteins for various destinies in the cell
18
Q

What are the properties of the mitochondria?

A
  • Site of most cellular respiration reactions

- Contain own genome, replication machinery and ribosomes

19
Q

What are the properties of the peroxisomes?

A
  • Single membrane
    • Frequently crystalline core
    • H2O2- producing oxidation of fatty acids and a variety of other substrates
    • Catalase degrades H2O2
20
Q

What are the properties of the vacuole in a plant cell?

A
  • Storage of small molecules
    • Lysosome-like activities
    • Turgor pressure
21
Q

What are the properties of the cell wall in a plant cell?

A
  • Consists of cellulose microfibrils
    • Rigid structure
    • Plasmodesmata connect neighbouring cells
    • Acts against turgor
22
Q

What are the properties of the chloroplast in a plant cell?

A
  • Internal membrane system (thylakoids)
    • Contains own genome, replication machinery and ribosomes
    • Photosynthesis
23
Q

What are the properties of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Provides stability and movement

- Movement of cells or intracellular movement of material

24
Q

How is the cell moved?

A
  • Protusion of the leading edge
    - Adhesion of the leading edge
    - Deadhesion of the trailing edge
    - Movement of the cell body

MBB164 - Molecular Biology (4 decks)

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