Dr. Grubb Flashcards
Name the main types of neurones
1) Unipolar
2) Pseudo-unipolar cell
3) Bipolar cell
4) Multi-polar cells
Describe unipolar neurons
Single axon coming out of cell body
Describe bipolar cell
Both axon and dendrite coming out of the cell body
- E.g. retinal bipolar cell which connects photoreceptors at back of retina to ganglia cells at the front - interneurons
Describe multipolar cells
Axons and very highly-branches dendrites
- Spinal motor neuron
- Hippocampal pyramidal cell
- Purkinje cell of cerebellum - controlling fine movement, very intricate
Describe the pseudo-unipolar cell
- Central axons periferal branches
- Only one process out of the cell body
- Eg. Sensory nerves taking information to CNS from tissues skin deep tissue
What is an afferent nerve
carries information towards the CNS (sensory)
What is an efferant nerve
carries information towards the periphery (towards muscles, glands etc)
- Motor
What are interneurons?
- Within the CNS (excitatory, inhibitory, local, relay)
- Process sensory info and make decision
What are the three main types of glial cells?
1) Oligodendrocyte - myelination
2) Schwann cells- myelination
3) Astrocyte
Describe oligodendrocyte
- Only found in CNS (brain and spinal cord)
- It can send out processes that can wrap round 20-40 different axons
Describe schwann cell
- Peripheral nervous system sensory/motor nerves
- Wrap round nerves - single schwann cell per nerve
Describe Astrocyte
- Really important
- Support cell
- Several functions
- Connection between blood supply and neurons
- Movement of nutrients eg glucose from capillary to neuron
- Removal of waste products like broken down NTs
- Buffer NTs
- Take up K+ ions which can accumulate outside cells when neuronal activity is quite high
Name the 8 main functions of glial cells
Structural support
Axonal insulation
Removal of debris
Buffering of K+ ions
Removal of neurotransmitters
Guide axonal migration
Contribute to blood-brain barrier
Nutritive function
Describe neurulation
- Ectoderm called neural plate on dorsal surface of embryo is destined to become neural tissue
- Neural plate envaginates to form the neural groove
- Neural groove pinches off and becomes internalised to neural tube
- Neural crest cells migrate to form peripheral ganglia - separate nerve cells
- Brain forms from ectoderm (same as skin)
What does endoderm form
Gut, liver, lungs
What does mesoderm form
Connective tissue, blood vessels and muscles
What does the ectoderm form
CNS and peripheral nervous systems, epidermis (skin)
What is spina bifida
- Incorrect invagination
- Improper closure of neural fold
- Abnormality at base of spinal cord
What different type of cells do neural crest cells develop into?
- Melanocyte
- Glial
- Sensory
- Sympathoadrenal
- Parasympathetic
- Entoric
What is cehalisation
- Neural tube to three vesicle stage - forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain
- ## Five vesicle stage
Name the two flexure types
- Cephalic
- Cervical
(- Pontline (in 5 vesicle))
What will the following become when developed?
1) 1a
2) 1b
3) 2
4) 3a
5) 3b
6) 4 - Lowest area
1) Cerebral cortex
2) Thalamus and hypothalamus
3) Midbrain - pain control
4) Pons and cerebellum (‘little brain’) - linking to motor function
5) Medulla oblongata - vegetative functions
6) Spinal cord
What is the corpus callosum
Carries information from the left side to the right side of the brain for you to integrate functions between each side
What is interesting about the growth rate of the spinal cord and vertebre
The spinal cord doesn’t grow as fast - bottom of the cord is then further up the vertebral column
Cauda equina - horses tail ‘leash of nerves’