Dr. C. Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
2 DIVISIONS of Human Skeleton
A
1. AXIAL SKELETON
and
2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
2
Q
Bones of the AXIS
A
Bones of the:
- Skull,
- Spine
- Chest
- Hyoid Bone
3
Q
AXIAL SKELETON
How Many Bones?
A
80 Bones
4
Q
APPENDICULAR - EXTREMITIES
A
- UPPER EXTREMITIES
Shoulder - Pectoral - Girdles - Arms - Wrists & Hands
- LOWER EXTREMITIES
Hip - Pelvic - Girdles - Legs - Ankles & Feet
5
Q
SKULL - CRANIAL CAVITY
HOW MANY BONES ?
A
8
6
Q
BONES IN THE MIDDLE OF EAR
HOW MANY ?
A
6 BONES - 3 IN EACH EAR
7
Q
FONTANELLES
A
- SOFT SPOT ON BABY’S HEAD.
- 6 FONTANELS, or areas where Ossification is incomplete at birth.
- The fontanels EVENTUALLY FUSE before a BABY IS 2-3 YEARS old.
8
Q
What Are The Different
FONTANELLE’S &. FUNCTIONS
A
ANTERIOR FONTANELLE: LAST TO FUSE
- Frontal. - Sagittal. - and - Coronal Sutures
Occipital Fontanelle:
- Lambdoid - and - Sagittal Sutures
Sphenoidal Fontanelles:
- Squamous - and - Coronal Sutures
Mastoid Fontanelles:
- Squamous - and - Lambdoid Sutures
9
Q
SINUSES
A
- Sinuses are SpacesorCavities within some of the cranial bones.
10
Q
4 Pairs of SINUSES
referred to: Paranasal Sinuses
A
- FRONTAL,
- MAXILLARY
- SPHENOID
- ETHMOID BONES
11
Q
FRONTAL CRANIAL BONE: Contains
A
FRONTAL SINUSES
12
Q
Occipital Bone
A
Forms the Posterior and Inferior Surfaces of the Cranium.
1. OCCIPITAL CONDYLES:
- Articulate with Neck
2. FORAMEN MAGNUM:
- Connects Cranial and Spinal Cavities
13
Q
TEMPORAL BONE
A
- Part of Lateral Walls of Cranium and Zygomatic Arches
- Articulate with Mandible
- S_urround_ and Protects Inner Ear
14
Q
SPHENOID
A
- Unites Cranial and Facial Bones
- Contains SPHENOIDAL SINUSES
15
Q
Ethmoid Bone
A
Roof of the Nasal Cavity
16
Q
Palatine Bones
A
Form the Posterior Portion of the Hard Palate.
17
Q
THE MAXILLAE
A
- Form Upper Jaw and Hard Palate
- Contain MAXILLARY SINUSES (largest sinuses)
18
Q
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
A
- Protects the Spinal Cord
- 26 Bones: Supports the Head and Body
- 24 Vertebrae: the SACRUM, and theCOCCYX
19
Q
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Consists Of ?
A
The Vertebral Column consists of a series ofSeparate Bones, or Vertebrae, Connectedin such a way that they form a Fexible Curved Rod.
20
Q
VERTEBRAE SMALL BONE
A
SPINOUS PROCESS (or spine), its TWO TRANSVERSE PROCESSES, and the Hole In Its Center, VVcalled the VERTEBRAL FORAMEN.
21
Q
2 CURVES of the VERTEBRAL
A
THORACIC and SACRAL CURVES
- Are called Primary Curves
- Or Accommodation Curves (accommodate internal organs)
22
Q
LUMBAR and CERVICAL CURVES
A
- Are called Secondary Curves (appear after birth)
- Also called Compensation Curves
23
Q
SPINAL CURVATURE:
CONVEX CURE: KYPHITIC
A
- Primary Curve of spine is C in Babies.
- Gradually Secondary Curves develop in the Cervical and Lumbar regions; Growing Stops.
Kyphotic Curve - Thoracic Dpine:Balance and Shock Absorption
24
Q
SCOLIOSIS
A
Defined as a Spinal Curvature
25
**COMMON PARTS** OF THE **SPINAL CORD**
1. **BODY**
2. **ARCH**
26
**Cervical Vertebrae** LOCATION:
**( C1 – C7 )**
27
**Thoracic Vertebrae** LOCATION:
**( T1 – T12 )**
28
**Thoracic vertebrae** LOCATION:
**( T1 – T12 )**
29
**Lumbar vertebrae** LOCATION:
**( L1 – L5 )**
30
**How many RIBS DO WE HAVE?**
**12 RIBS**
31
**TRUE & FALSE RIBS**
**1-7 RIBS** are **TRUE** Ribs
**_8-12_** _are **FALSE**_.
32
**STERNUM: _3 Parts_** _of the **Sternum**_
* **MANUBRIUM**
* * **STERNAL BODY**
* * **XIPHOID** process
33
**APPENDICULAR** SKELETON
Allows us to **Move** and **Manipulate Objects**
**Includes ALL Bones** besides **Axial Skeleton**
* The **LIMBS**
* The supportive **GIRDLES**
34
**PECTORAL - GIRDLE**
**Connects** the **Arms to the body**
* **TWO CLAVICLES**
* **TWO SCAPULAE**
35
**CLAVICLES**
ALSO CALLED THE: **Collarbones**
36
**SCAPULAE**
Also called **Shoulder Blades**
37
**HUMERUS**
* Also called the **Arm**:
* * is the **Long Bone** of the **Arm** and the **2nd Longest Bone** in the body.
* * Attached at the _Concave_ **GLENOID CAVITY** of the **scapula** at its **Proximal End**
38
**WRIST** – **HAND BONES:** Name and Count
**8 Bones: CARPAL** or **Wrist bones**,
**5 Bones: METACARPAL** bones **Palm of the Hand.**
**14 Bones: PHALANGESOR FINGER BONES** (3 in all fingers, 2 in the thumb)
**27 BONES In All**
39
**METACARPAL** BONES
The **5 Long Bones** of the **Hand**.
40
**PHALANGES** of the **Hands: HOW MANY BONES**
**14 Total Finger** Bones – **Pollex**.
41
**BONES** OF THE **PELVIC GIRDLE**
* **ILIUM** - **ISCHIUM** - **PUBIS:**
* * **Hip**, or **Pelvic** **Girdle**, **connects the legs** _to the Trunk_.
* * **Pelvic Girdle** _as a whole consists of_**2 Large** **Coxal Bones** (= pelvic bones).
* * Bones **Grow Together** to **become one bone** in an **adult**
42
**BONES** OF THE **LOWER LIMBS**
-- **Femur** (Thigh)
– **Patella** (Kneecap)
– **Tibia** and **fibula** (Leg)
– **Tarsals** (Ankle)
– **Metatarsals** (Foot)
– **Phalanges** (Toes)
43
THE **PATELLA**
– **_Also called_**the **Kneecap**
- **BASE** attaches **Quadriceps** **Femoris**.
– **APEX** attaches **Patellar** **Ligament**.
44
THE **TIBIA**
Also called the **Shinbone**.
45
THE **FIBULA**
**Attaches Muscles** of **Feet** and **Toes**.
Foot bones comparable to the **Metacarpals** and **Carpals** of the **Hand** have ***Slightly Different Names***. _They are called_**METATARSALS** and **TARSALS** in the foot..
-- The **Largest Tarsal Bone** is the **CALCANEUS**, or **Heel Bone.**
46
**PHALANGES** OF THE **FOOT – PHALANGES**
**• 14 Bones TOTAL** of the **Toe Bones – Hallux:**
**• Big Toe** or **Great Toe, 2 Phalanges ( distal, proxima l)**
**– Other four toes:**
**• 3 Phalanges (distal, medial, proximal)**
47
**HematoPoiesis -** ( RED Marrow )
**BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION**
* **Process** of **Blood** **Cell** **Formation**.
* **PROTECTION** - Hard, Bony “**Boxes**” **Protect** **Delicate** **Structures** **enclosed** **within** **them**.
* **LEVERAGE** (force of motion) - As **muscles contract and shorten**, they **Pull on Bones** and **thereby move them**.
48
**4 Major Types of Bones**
**According to Overall Structure**
* **Humerus** ------ **Arm** bone - **Long**
* * **Carpals** ----- **Wrist** bone - **Short**
* * **Frontal** ------ **Skull** bone - **Flat**
* * **Vertebrae** - **Spinal** bones - **Irregular**
49
**Diaphysis**
* **Shaft** — a _**Hollow** **Tube** **Made**_ of _**Hard**, **Compact** **Bone**_.... **Permits** **Easy** **Movement**.
50
**Medullary Cavity**
* **HOLLOW** **Area** inside the **Diaphysis** _of a bone_….
* Contains “**SOFT yellow BONE MARROW**”, an **Inactive**, **Fatty** **Form** of **Marrow** _found in the **Adult Skeleton**_
51
**Epiphyses**
* **Wide Part** at **Each End** — **Red Bone Marrow****Fills in Small Spaces**in the**Spongy****Bone**_composing the_**Epiphyses**
52
**Articular Cartilage**
* **Thin Layer** of **Cartilage Covering Each Epiphysis.**
* **_Functions like a_****Small Rubber Cushion** over the ends of bones **where they Form a Joint**
53
**Periosteum**
**Strong Fibrous Membrane*****_covering long bone everywhere_*****except** at **joint** **surfaces.**
54
**Endosteum**
**Thin** **Membrane** that **Lines** the **Medullary** **Cavity**
55
**SPONGY BONE**
* **COMPACT BONE** _appears Solid to the Naked Eye_.
* **Porous Bone** in the **End** of the _Long Bone_ is called **SPONGY BONE** or **CANCELLOUS** **BONE**.
56
**COMPACT & SPONGY BONE**
**Circular** and **Tube** like **OSTEON** is _composed_ of **Calcified Matrix Arranged** in **Multiple Layers** that **Resemble** the _**Rings** of an **Onion**_.
57
**CARTILAGE**
**Cartilage** is **Avascular** and **Bone** is **Abundantly** **Vascular**.
* **NOTE:** **Cartilage** **Cells**, called **chondrocytes**
58
**HYALINE CARTILAGE**
* **Most** **common** **type** of **Cartilage** **the** **Body**.....
59
**2 TYPES OF CARTILAGE**
* **_ELASTIC CARTILAGE:_ Gives** **Form** to the **External** **Ear**, the **Epiglottis**
* **_FIBROCARTILAGE:_ Fibrous** **cartilage** — is _**Strong**, **Rigid.**_
* **Characterized** by **Abundant** **Fibrous** **Elements** **within the Matrix**...
60
**Bone Contains - 3 Types of Cells**
**1. Osteo**_Cytes_****
**2. Osteo**_Blasts_****
**3. Osteo**_Clasts_****
**ONLY****2%**of**Bone****Mass.**
61
**OSTEOBLASTS**
* **Immature** **Bone** **Cells** that **Secrete** **Matrix** **Compounds**
* * ( **OsteoGenesis** )
62
**OSTEOCYTES**
**FUNCTIONS**:
* **_Maintain_** **_Protein_** and _**Mineral** **Content** of **Matrix**_
* * **Help** _**Repair** **Damaged** **Bone**_
* * **Do _NOT_ _Divide_**
63
**OSTEOCLASTS**
* _**Bone**-**Dissolving** **Cells**_ that _**Remove** the **Hard** **Calcium** **Salts**_ in **Bone** **Matrix**.
64
**STRUCTURE OF SPONGY BONE**
* **_Matrix Forms_** an _**Open Network** of **TRABECULAE**_
* _Space between **TRABECULAE**_ is filled with **_RED BONE MARROW_.**
* **_HAS BLOOD VESSELS_**
* _**FORMS****RED BLOOD CELLS**_ ( or,**HEMATOPOIESIS** )
65
**BONE DEVELOPMENT**
* **Human _Bones Grow Until_** _about **AGE 25**_
* **_Osteogenesis_** - _**Bone** **formation**_
* **_Ossification_ -** The **Process** of _**Replacing** **Other** **Tissues** with **Bone**_.
66
**2 TYPES OF BONE GROWTH**
* **INTRAMEMBRANOUS**: **_Bone Forms Directly**_ within _**MesenChyme_.**
*
* **ENDOCHONDRAL**: _I_**_nvolves Replacement**_ of _**Cartilage with Bone_.**
67
**INTRAMEM**_B_**RANOUS**
**INTRAMEMBRANOUS****_Ossification_:**
* _**Occurs within** the **Womb**_ ( **_Begins 8th- 9th week_** ).
68
**ENDO**_C_**HONDRAL**
_**All** **Cartilage** is **Ossified**_**_Except_** the _**areas** **between** the **Diaphysis** (**shaft**)_ and _**Epiphysis** (**end**)_.
