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Dr. C. Skeletal System > Dr. C. Skeletal System > Flashcards

Dr. C. Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

2 DIVISIONS of Human Skeleton

A

1. AXIAL SKELETON

and

2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON

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2
Q

Bones of the AXIS

A

Bones of the:

  • Skull,
  • Spine
  • Chest
  • Hyoid Bone
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3
Q

AXIAL SKELETON

How Many Bones?

A

80 Bones

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4
Q

APPENDICULAR - EXTREMITIES

A
  • UPPER EXTREMITIES

Shoulder - Pectoral - Girdles - Arms - Wrists & Hands

  • LOWER EXTREMITIES ​

Hip - Pelvic - Girdles - Legs - Ankles & Feet

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5
Q

SKULL - CRANIAL CAVITY

HOW MANY BONES ?

A

8

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6
Q

BONES IN THE MIDDLE OF EAR

HOW MANY ?

A

6 BONES - 3 IN EACH EAR

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7
Q

FONTANELLES

A
  • SOFT SPOT ON BABY’S HEAD.
    • 6 FONTANELS, or areas where Ossification is incomplete at birth.
    • The fontanels EVENTUALLY FUSE before a BABY IS 2-3 YEARS old.
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8
Q

What Are The Different

FONTANELLE’S &. FUNCTIONS

A

ANTERIOR FONTANELLE: LAST TO FUSE

  • Frontal. - Sagittal. - and - Coronal Sutures

Occipital Fontanelle:

  • Lambdoid - and - Sagittal Sutures

Sphenoidal Fontanelles:

  • Squamous - and - Coronal Sutures

Mastoid Fontanelles:

  • Squamous - and - Lambdoid Sutures
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9
Q

SINUSES

A
  • Sinuses are SpacesorCavities within some of the cranial bones.
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10
Q

4 Pairs of SINUSES

referred to: Paranasal Sinuses

A
  1. FRONTAL,
  2. MAXILLARY
  3. SPHENOID
  4. ETHMOID BONES
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11
Q

FRONTAL CRANIAL BONE: Contains

A

FRONTAL SINUSES

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12
Q

Occipital Bone

A

Forms the Posterior and Inferior Surfaces of the Cranium.

1. OCCIPITAL CONDYLES:

  • Articulate with Neck

2. FORAMEN MAGNUM:

  • Connects Cranial and Spinal Cavities
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13
Q

TEMPORAL BONE

A
  • Part of Lateral Walls of Cranium and Zygomatic Arches
    • Articulate with Mandible
    • S_urround_ and Protects Inner Ear
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14
Q

SPHENOID

A
  • Unites Cranial and Facial Bones
  • Contains SPHENOIDAL SINUSES
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15
Q

Ethmoid Bone

A

Roof of the Nasal Cavity

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16
Q

Palatine Bones

A

Form the Posterior Portion of the Hard Palate.

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17
Q

THE MAXILLAE

A
  • Form Upper Jaw and Hard Palate
  • Contain MAXILLARY SINUSES (largest sinuses)
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18
Q

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

A
  • Protects the Spinal Cord
    • 26 Bones: Supports the Head and Body
    • 24 Vertebrae: the SACRUM, and theCOCCYX
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19
Q

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Consists Of ?

A

The Vertebral Column consists of a series ofSeparate Bones, or Vertebrae, Connectedin such a way that they form a Fexible Curved Rod.

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20
Q

VERTEBRAE SMALL BONE

A

SPINOUS PROCESS (or spine), its TWO TRANSVERSE PROCESSES, and the Hole In Its Center, VVcalled the VERTEBRAL FORAMEN.

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21
Q

2 CURVES of the VERTEBRAL

A

THORACIC and SACRAL CURVES

  • Are called Primary Curves
  • Or Accommodation Curves (accommodate internal organs)
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22
Q

LUMBAR and CERVICAL CURVES

A
  • Are called Secondary Curves (appear after birth)
    • Also called Compensation Curves
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23
Q

SPINAL CURVATURE:

CONVEX CURE: KYPHITIC

A
  • Primary Curve of spine is C in Babies.
  • Gradually Secondary Curves develop in the Cervical and Lumbar regions; Growing Stops.

Kyphotic Curve - Thoracic Dpine:Balance and Shock Absorption

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24
Q

SCOLIOSIS

A

Defined as a Spinal Curvature

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25
Q

COMMON PARTS OF THE SPINAL CORD

A
  1. BODY
  2. ARCH
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26
Q

Cervical Vertebrae LOCATION:

A

( C1 – C7 )

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27
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae LOCATION:

A

( T1 – T12 )

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28
Q

Thoracic vertebrae LOCATION:

A

( T1 – T12 )

29
Q

Lumbar vertebrae LOCATION:

A

( L1 – L5 )

30
Q

How many RIBS DO WE HAVE?

A

12 RIBS

31
Q

TRUE & FALSE RIBS

A

1-7 RIBS are TRUE Ribs

8-12 are FALSE.

32
Q

STERNUM: 3 Parts of the Sternum

A
  • MANUBRIUM
    • STERNAL BODY
    • XIPHOID process
33
Q

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

A

Allows us to Move and Manipulate Objects

Includes ALL Bones besides Axial Skeleton

  • The LIMBS
  • The supportive GIRDLES
34
Q

PECTORAL - GIRDLE

A

Connects the Arms to the body

  • TWO CLAVICLES
  • TWO SCAPULAE
35
Q

CLAVICLES

A

ALSO CALLED THE: Collarbones

36
Q

SCAPULAE

A

Also called Shoulder Blades

37
Q

HUMERUS

A
  • Also called the Arm:
    • is the Long Bone of the Arm and the 2nd Longest Bone in the body.
    • Attached at the Concave GLENOID CAVITY of the scapula at its Proximal End
38
Q

WRIST – HAND BONES: Name and Count

A

8 Bones: CARPAL or Wrist bones,

5 Bones: METACARPAL bones Palm of the Hand.

14 Bones: PHALANGESOR FINGER BONES (3 in all fingers, 2 in the thumb)

27 BONES In All

39
Q

METACARPAL BONES

A

The 5 Long Bones of the Hand.

40
Q

PHALANGES of the Hands: HOW MANY BONES

A

14 Total Finger Bones – Pollex.

41
Q

BONES OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE

A
  • ILIUM - ISCHIUM - PUBIS:
    • Hip, or Pelvic Girdle, connects the legs to the Trunk.
    • Pelvic Girdle as a whole consists of2 Large Coxal Bones (= pelvic bones).
    • Bones Grow Together to become one bone in an adult
42
Q

BONES OF THE LOWER LIMBS

A

– Femur (Thigh)

– Patella (Kneecap)

– Tibia and fibula (Leg)

– Tarsals (Ankle)

– Metatarsals (Foot)

– Phalanges (Toes)

43
Q

THE PATELLA

A

– Also calledthe Kneecap

  • BASE attaches Quadriceps Femoris.

– APEX attaches Patellar Ligament.

44
Q

THE TIBIA

A

Also called the Shinbone.

45
Q

THE FIBULA

A

Attaches Muscles of Feet and Toes.

Foot bones comparable to the Metacarpals and Carpals of the Hand have Slightly Different Names. They are calledMETATARSALS and TARSALS in the foot..

– The Largest Tarsal Bone is the CALCANEUS, or Heel Bone.

46
Q

PHALANGES OF THE FOOT – PHALANGES

A

• 14 Bones TOTAL of the Toe Bones – Hallux:

• Big Toe or Great Toe, 2 Phalanges ( distal, proxima l)

– Other four toes:

• 3 Phalanges (distal, medial, proximal)

47
Q

HematoPoiesis - ( RED Marrow )

BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION

A
  • Process of Blood Cell Formation.
  • PROTECTION - Hard, Bony “Boxes” Protect Delicate Structures enclosed within them.
  • LEVERAGE (force of motion) - As muscles contract and shorten, they Pull on Bones and thereby move them.
48
Q

4 Major Types of Bones

According to Overall Structure

A
  • Humerus —— Arm bone - Long
    • Carpals —– Wrist bone - Short
    • Frontal —— Skull bone - Flat
    • Vertebrae - Spinal bones - Irregular
49
Q

Diaphysis

A
  • Shaft — a Hollow Tube Made of Hard, Compact Bone…. Permits Easy Movement.
50
Q

Medullary Cavity

A
  • HOLLOW Area inside the Diaphysis of a bone….
  • Contains “SOFT yellow BONE MARROW”, an Inactive, Fatty Form of Marrow found in the Adult Skeleton
51
Q

Epiphyses

A
  • Wide Part at Each End — Red Bone MarrowFills in Small Spacesin theSpongyBonecomposing theEpiphyses
52
Q

Articular Cartilage

A
  • Thin Layer of Cartilage Covering Each Epiphysis.
  • Functions like aSmall Rubber Cushion over the ends of bones where they Form a Joint
53
Q

Periosteum

A

Strong Fibrous Membranecovering long bone everywhereexcept at joint surfaces.

54
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin Membrane that Lines the Medullary Cavity

55
Q

SPONGY BONE

A
  • COMPACT BONE appears Solid to the Naked Eye.
  • Porous Bone in the End of the Long Bone is called SPONGY BONE or CANCELLOUS BONE.
56
Q

COMPACT & SPONGY BONE

A

Circular and Tube like OSTEON is composed of Calcified Matrix Arranged in Multiple Layers that Resemble the Rings of an Onion.

57
Q

CARTILAGE

A

Cartilage is Avascular and Bone is Abundantly Vascular.

  • NOTE: Cartilage Cells, called chondrocytes
58
Q

HYALINE CARTILAGE

A
  • Most common type of Cartilage the Body…..
59
Q

2 TYPES OF CARTILAGE

A
  • ELASTIC CARTILAGE: Gives Form to the External Ear, the Epiglottis
  • FIBROCARTILAGE: Fibrous cartilage — is Strong, Rigid.
  • Characterized by Abundant Fibrous Elements within the Matrix…
60
Q

Bone Contains - 3 Types of Cells

A

1. OsteoCytes**

2. OsteoBlasts**

3. OsteoClasts**

ONLY2%ofBoneMass.

61
Q

OSTEOBLASTS

A
  • Immature Bone Cells that Secrete Matrix Compounds
    • ( OsteoGenesis )
62
Q

OSTEOCYTES

A

FUNCTIONS:

  • Maintain Protein and Mineral Content of Matrix
    • Help Repair Damaged Bone
    • Do NOT Divide
63
Q

OSTEOCLASTS

A
  • Bone-Dissolving Cells that Remove the Hard Calcium Salts in Bone Matrix.
64
Q

STRUCTURE OF SPONGY BONE

A
  • Matrix Forms an Open Network of TRABECULAE
  • Space between TRABECULAE is filled with RED BONE MARROW.
  • HAS BLOOD VESSELS
  • FORMSRED BLOOD CELLS ( or,HEMATOPOIESIS )
65
Q

BONE DEVELOPMENT

A
  • Human Bones Grow Until about AGE 25
  • Osteogenesis - Bone formation
  • Ossification - The Process of Replacing Other Tissues with Bone.
66
Q

2 TYPES OF BONE GROWTH

A
  • INTRAMEMBRANOUS: Bone Forms Directly** within **MesenChyme.
  • ENDOCHONDRAL: Involves Replacement** of **Cartilage with Bone.
67
Q

INTRAMEMBRANOUS

A

INTRAMEMBRANOUSOssification:

  • Occurs within the Womb ( Begins 8th- 9th week ).
68
Q

ENDOCHONDRAL

A

All Cartilage is OssifiedExcept the areas between the Diaphysis (shaft) and Epiphysis (end).

Dr. C. Skeletal System (1 decks)

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