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Dr. C. NERVOUS SYSTEM > Dr. C. NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

Dr. C. NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Contains 2 KINDS OF CELLS

Neural Tissue

A
  • Neurons: Cells** that **Send & Receive Signals
  • NeuroGlia: Cells** that **Support & Protect Neurons
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2
Q

ORGANS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

A
  1. Brain** and **Spinal Cord
  2. Sensory Receptors of sense organs.
  3. Nervesconnectnervoussystem withother systems.
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3
Q

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - CNS

A
  • _Brain_and _Spinal Cord Occupy_ the _Midline_ or _Central Location_ in the body.
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4
Q

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - PNS

A
  • Designation** for the **Nerves of the body.
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5
Q

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - ANS

A
  • REGULATES the Body’s__“Automatic or Involuntary”. Functions.
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6
Q

THE STRUCTURE OF NEURONS

A
  • Cell Body - (Soma)-Main Part.
  • DENDRITES: - Short**, **Branched** **Projections
  • AXON TERMINALS: - A Long, Single Projection.
  • DENDRITES: - Processes or Projections that Transmit Impulses to the Neuron Cell Bodies
  • AXONS: - Transmit Impulses AWAY from the Neuron Cell Bodies.
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7
Q

SENSORY NEURONS = AFFERENT

A
  • Neurons of PNSTransmit Impulses to the Spinal Cord and Brain from ALL Parts of the Body.
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8
Q

MOTOR NEURONS = EFFERENT

A
  • Neurons of PNS ‘EFFECT’.TransmitImpulsesin theOPPOSITEDIRECTION**—**AWAYfrom theBrainandSpinalCord.
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9
Q

NEURILEMMA

A
  • Outer Cell Membrane** of a **Schwann Cell.
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10
Q

NEUROGLIA

A

Many types of Neuroglia** in **CNS** and **PNS

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11
Q

4 TYPES OF NEUROGLIA

IN THE CNS

A

1. OLIGODENDROCYTES

2. ASTROCYTES

3. MICROGLIA

4. EPENDYMAL CELLS

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12
Q

ASTROCYTES

A
  • Most Numerous
  • Create Structural Framework for CNS
  • Repair DAMAGED Neural Tissue.
  • FORM a 2-layer Structure called the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER ( BBB )
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13
Q

OLIGODENDROCYTES

A
  • Produce the FATTY MYELIN SHEATH that Envelops Nerve Fberslocated in the Brain and Spinal Cord.
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14
Q

SCHWANN CELLS

A
  • Are GLIAL CELLS that also Form MYELIN SHEATHS** to the **Peripheral Nervous System.
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15
Q

MICROGLIA

A
  • Microbe-Eating__Scavengers.
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16
Q

EPENDYMAL CELLS

A
  • Produce CSF
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17
Q

NEUROGLIA OF THE PNS

A
  • SATELLITE CELLS: RegulateEnvironmentAroundNeuron
  • SCHWANN CELLS: FORMMyelinSheatharoundPeripheralAxons.
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18
Q

A NERVE

A
  • NERVE is a Group of Peripheral Nerve Fibers (AXONS) bundled together like the Strands of a Cable.
  • Bundles of AXONS in the CNS, called Tracts, also are Myelinated and form the “White Matter” of the Brain & Cord.
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19
Q

GRAY MATTER

A
  • Brain and Cord Tissue “ Composed” of Cell Bodies and UnmyeLinated AXONS and Dendrites is called GRAY MATTER.
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20
Q

REFLEX ARCS

A
  • Nerve Impulses also called ACTION POTENTIALS can Travel Over Trillions of Routes.
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21
Q

REFLEX ARCS: RECEPTORS

A
  • Receptors are the Beginnings of Dendrites of Sensory Neurons.
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22
Q

REFLEX ARCS: GANGLION

A
  • A Ganglion is a group of Nerve-Cell Bodies located in the PNS. This Ganglion is located NEAR the Spinal Cord.
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23
Q

REFLEX ARCS: SYNAPSE

A
  • Space Separates the AXON Ending of ONE NEURON. This space is called a Synapse.
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24
Q

REFLEX ARCS: 3 NEURON ARCS

A
  1. Sensory Neurons
  2. InterNeurons
  3. Motor Neurons.
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25
Q

NERVE IMPULSE

A
  • Self-Propagating Wave of Electrical Disturbance that Travels Along the Surface of a Neuron’s Plasma Membrane.
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26
Q

POLARIZATION

A
  • Membrane** of **Each Resting Neuron has a Slight Positive Charge on the Outside** and a **Negative Charge on the Inside called POLARIZATION.
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27
Q

SALTATORY CONDUCTION

A
  • MyeLinated Fiber, “JUMPS” around the Insulating Myelin in a Rapid Type of Conduction called SALTATORY conduction
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28
Q

2 METHODS OF:

PROPAGATING ACTION POTENTIALS

A
  • CONTINUOUS PropaGation: Unmyelinated AXONS ( grey matter - CNS ) - Speed of about 2 mph
  • SALTATORY PropaGation: Myelinated AXONS (PNS) (“Jumping”….Speed of 40 to 300 mph !)
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29
Q

SNAPSES

A
  • A SYNAPSE is where Impulses are Transmitted** from **One Neuron** the _Presy_Naptic NEURON** to the PostsyNaptic NEURON.
30
Q

SYNAPTIC KNOB

A
  • Tiny Bulge at the end of a Terminal Branch of a PresyNaptic Neuron’s AXON.
31
Q

NEUROTRANSMITTER

A
  • Each Vesicle Contains a Very Small Quantity of a Chemical Compound.
  • NeuroTransmitters areChemicalsby which Neurons Communicate.
32
Q

DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN

A

1. BRAINSTEM

  • Medulla OblonGata
  • Pons
  • Midbrain

2. CereBellum

3. DienCephalon

  • Hypothalamus
  • Thalamus

4. CereBrum

33
Q

BRAINSTEM Function Has

2-Way Conduction Paths

A
  • CARDIAC RESPIRATORY and VASOMOTOR centers called the VITAL CENTERS are located in the Medulla Oblongata.
34
Q

BRAIN STEM: B. &. C

A

B. PONS

  • Connects Cerebellum to Brain Stem
  • Somatic and Visceral Motor Control.

C. MIDBRAIN

  • Processes Sight, Sound, and Associated Reflexes
  • Maintains Consciousness.
35
Q

CEREBELLUM

A
  • 2nd largest Part of Brain
    • Coordinates: Repetitive Body Movements
    • 2 HemisPheres
    • Covered** with_CEREBELLAR CORTEX_**
36
Q

BRAIN: CEREBELLUM

A
  • PRODUCE… Smooth Coordinated Movements
    • Maintain Equilibrium
    • Sustain Normal Postures.
37
Q

DIENCEPHALON

A
  • Links Cerebrum with Brain Stem.
38
Q

THALAMUS

A
  • Relays and Processes Sensory Information.
39
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS

A
  • Hormone Production
    • Autonomic Function - Control of Temperature - Thirst - Hunger
40
Q

THALAMUS PERFORMS the Following Functions

A
  • Major Relay Station between CereBrum**, **CereBellum**, **Spinal Cord**, and **Helps Relay Sensory Signals between Spinal Cord.
    • It helps Associate Sensations with Emotion.
41
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS

A
  • Maintains a Waking Stateand gets the Adrenaline Flowing during a TEST or JOB interview.
    • EMOTIONAL CENTER: FeelING… Exhilarated - Angry - Unhappy - Sexually Aroused - Pain.
42
Q

CEREBRAL CORTEX

A
  • _Thin Layer_of _Gray Matter__Made Up_of _Neuron Dendrites_
    • Cell Bodies Forms the Surface of the Cerebrum.
43
Q

FRONTAL LOBES - MOTOR AREA

A
  • Helps Control Voluntary Movement.
44
Q

PARIETAL LOBES

A
  • TASTE - AROMA AND TEXTURE
    • TWO SECTIONS BEHIND THE FRONTAL LOBES.
45
Q

COVERING FLUID SPACES in the BRAIN

A
  • Dura Mater
    • ArachNoid Mater
    • PIA MATER
46
Q

Dura Mater

A

Is the _Tough Outer Layer_that _Lines The Vertebral Canal_

47
Q

ArachNoid Mater

A
  • Is the MemBrane Between the DURA and the PIA MATER.
48
Q

ArachNoid Membrane

A
  • Sub-AraChnoid Space – FILLED with CSF ( cerebral spinal fluid )
49
Q

PIA MATER

A
  • Is the Innermost Membrane Covering the Spinal Cord.
50
Q

CSF

A
  • Cerebrospinal Spinal Fluid
51
Q

CSF - CHOROID PLEXUS

A
  • Fluid Filtering out of the blood in a network of Brain Capillaries known as the CHOROID PLEXUS
  • CSF SEEPS from the Lateral Ventricles into the 3rd Ventricle and _flows down through_the _cerebral into the_4th Ventricle.
52
Q

BRAIN - 3 CSF SPACES

A

1. Subdural Space

2. SubaraChnoid Space

3. CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF)

53
Q

SPINAL CORD FUNCTIONS SIMILARLY

A
  • It contains the Centers for Thousands** and **Thousands of Reflex Arcs.
54
Q

GROSS ANATOMY: - SPINAL CORD 3 BRANCHES

VENTRAL ROOT

A
  • Contains AXONS of “MOTOR” Neurons
55
Q

DORSAL ROOT

A
  • Contains AXONS of Sensory Neuron
56
Q

DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA

A
  • Contain Cell Bodiesof Sensory Neurons
57
Q

WHITE MATTER

A
  • Myelinated and UnMyelinated Axons ( mostly myelinated )
58
Q

GRAY MATTER

A
  • Surrounds Central Canalof the Spinal Cord
59
Q

PNS – PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

INCLUDES

A

Cranial & Spinal Nerves

  • Connects the brain and Spinal Cord to Peripheral StructuresSkin Surface and the Skeletal Muscles.
60
Q

CRANIAL NERVES have

12 PAIRS Connected to Brain.

A
  • OPTIC Nerve: 2nd Nerve. Impulses from the Eye to the Brain.
    • OCULOMOTOR Nerve. 3rd Nerve: Impulses between the Medulla Oblongata and Structures** in the **Neck** and **Thoracic
  • VAGUS Nerve. 10th NERVE: Impulses between the Medulla Oblongata and Structures in the Neck** and **Thoracic AND ADOMINAL CAVITIES.
61
Q

SENSORY NERVES

A
  • Carry SOMATIC SENSORY information.
    • including: Touch, Pressure, Vibration, Temperature, and Pain
62
Q

SPECIAL SENSORY NERVES

A

Carry Sensations such as Smell, Sight, Hearing, Balance

63
Q

MOTOR NERVES

A
  • Axons of Somatic Motor Neurons
64
Q

MIXED NERVES

A
  • Mixture of… Motor and Sensory Fibers
65
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Impulses to Brainstem for the Following

A
  • CARDIAC Muscle Tissue
    • SMOOTH Muscle Tissue
    • GLANDULAR Epithelial Tissue
66
Q

Somatic Nervous System

( SNS ) ( Motor Portion )

A
  • Operates Under Conscious Control
67
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

( Motor or Efferent Portion )

A
  • Regulate Involuntary Functions - for example, the Heartbeat.
68
Q

AUTONOMIC MOTOR Neurons

A
  • Motor Neurons that make up the Motor Portion of the ANS.
69
Q

PREGANGLIONIC Neurons

A
  • Conduct Impulses between the Spinal Cord and a Ganglion.
70
Q

SYMPATHETIC Response Symptoms

A
  • Fight to flight
    • Heart Beats Faster.
    • Blood Vessels Constrict,
    • Sweat / Adrenal Glands Secrete More..
    • Salivary, Digestive Glands Secrete More Sparingly.
    • Become Sluggish, Hampering Digestion.
71
Q

ParaSympathetic System

Has also been Referred to

A
  • the CranioSacral System

Dr. C. NERVOUS SYSTEM (1 decks)

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