Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Molecular Biology 1 > Dr Boswell's lectures 1 > Flashcards

Dr Boswell's lectures 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two possibilities for animal development?

A

Preformation theory

Epigenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who came up with the cell theory?

A

Schleiden and Schwann

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who came up with the germ line concept?

A

Weismann

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What processes are needed for cell development?

A 
Cell division
Pattern formation
Morphogenesis
Differentiation
Growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 5 key cell activities?

A 
cell-cell communication
cell shape movement
cell movement 
proliferation
death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the A/P axis

A

Anterior/posterior (head/tail)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the D/V axis?

A

Dorsal/ventral (back/front)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the P/D axis?

A

Proximal/distal (near/far)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is pattern formation?

A

Cells become organised in time/space and acquire an identity about what they will become

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the endoderm become?

A

gut, liver, lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the mesoderm become?

A

skeleton, muscle, kidney, heart, blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the ectoderm become?

A

skin, nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What determines mosaic development? Is it influenced by the environment?

A

depends on specific determinants in develoment that are distributed unequally to daughter cells, environment cannot influence it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What determines regulative development?

A

depends on interactions between between ‘parts’ of the developing embryo by cell-cel communication, can be influenced by environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who did experiments on mosaic development and what with?

A

Roux, destroyed one cell of a two-cell frog embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what kind of development do sea urchin’s show?

A

Regulative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is cleavage?

A

rapid cell division after fertilisation without growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two egg axes?

A

yolky - ANIMAL pole

non-yolky - vegetal pole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who observed yellow cytoplasm in the tunicate egg?

A

Conklin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the key patterns of cleavage?

A

Spiral (Protostomes)
Radial (Deuterostomes)
Superficial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

formation of the main gut and body plan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In larvae, what do animal half embryos normally form?

A

larvae with no gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What can micromeres do to the cells above them?

A

change their fate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do lithium ions do to larvae?

A

vegetalised larvae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Whats do zinc ions do to larvae?

A

animalised larvae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Who developed the french flag model?

A

Lewis Wolpert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Beta-catenin and what does it do?

A

a TF derived from maternal RNA

specifies micromeres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What environmental signals can change cell fate?

A

morphogens such as beta-catenin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are GRNs

A

Gene Regulatory Network components - they are regulatory genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are kernals?

A

GRNs for a given developmental function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

egg formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

sperm formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are some features of an oocyte?

A

storage molecules ‘yolk’ containing vitellin

mitochondria, ribosomes, storage RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the categories of oogenesis?

A

Solitary
Follicular
Nutrimentary

35
Q

What are the two synthetic pathways for the stored yolk in the cytoplasm?

A

Autosynthetic oogenesis

Heterosynthetic oogenesis

36
Q

What are the properties of oocytes in follicular oogenesis?

A

oocyte associated with a covering of somatic cells

37
Q

Where is follicular oogenesis found?

A

Ascidiella aspersa - a tunicate

38
Q

What type of ovaries do locusts have?

A

panoistic

39
Q

In the drosophila fruit fly, what is the type of oogenesis?

A

nutrimentary oogenesis

40
Q

What is autosynthesis, where can it b observed and how

A

the synthesis of yolk and other stored materials by the oocyte itself, can be labelled with radioactive tritium and is often seen in polychaetes

41
Q

What is heterosynthesis, what is the evidence for it?

A

synthesis of yolk proteins by other, non-germ cells, characterised by uptake of vitellin
evidence from electron microscopy

42
Q

What did Nusslein-volhard and Weischaus do?

A

treated flies with chemical mutagen
classified thousands of drosophila mutants
determined maternal effect genes

43
Q

Maternal effect genes did what to drosophila body segments?

A

some segments did not develop

44
Q

what does bicoid mRNA do?

A

forms a concentration gradient in Bicoid protein

45
Q

Which part of the drosophila larvae does the bicoid mRNA affect?

A

It specifies the anterior part of the anterior-posterior axis

46
Q

Where is the nanos mRNA found?

A

the posterior

47
Q

what does nanos suppress translation of?

A

maternal hunchback mRNA in posterior

48
Q

what does Bicoid promote?

A

production of embryo’s hunchback protein in anterior

49
Q

How do maternal RNAs become distributed?**

A

gurken mRNA (mother) translated in posterior
binds to Torpedo receptor in cells
posterior follicle cells rearrange microtubule in cytoskeleton
maternal mRNA in nurse cells transported to locations
posterior localisation of maternal oskar RNA needed for nanos mRNA in posterior

50
Q

What are gap genes?

A

First zygotic genes to be expressed along AP axis, code for transcription factors, often cause deletions
hunchback is a gap gene

51
Q

What do gap genes do?

A

interact to define boundaries of expression of other genes

52
Q

What are pair-rule and segmentation genes?

A

define segmentation, pair rule genes are expressed in alternate segments

53
Q

name two pair rule genes

A

even-skipped and fushi tarazu

54
Q

how can you see eve and ftz?

A

antibody staining

55
Q

What are segment polarity genes? name one and say what it does and where it is found

A

Engrailed, helps define parasegment boundaries, found in anterior region of parasegment

56
Q

What is an imaginal disc?

A

pad of undifferentiated cells in larva, each disc has its own fate map

57
Q

what is transdetermination?

A

imaginal disc producing a part it should does not usually produce

58
Q

What is homeosis?

A

transformation of one body part onto another

59
Q

what are homeotic mutants?

A

homeotic genes that alter appearance of a segment

60
Q

How were Hox genes discovered?

A

homeotic mutations mapped by Ed Lewis

61
Q

What are the two Hox gene clusters?

A

Antennapedia

Bithorax

62
Q

What is the homeobox

A

a region of DNA in homeotic genes that codes for the homeodomain

63
Q

What is a homeotic gene/homeotic selector gene

A

a gene which defines a region or position of the embryo (eg. a segment)

64
Q

What is a Hox gene

A

a family of homeobox-containing genes that are part of a homeotic gene complex

65
Q

What forms P/D axis of drosophila?

A

Distal-less (DII)

66
Q

What is DII inhibited by?

A

Abd-a/Ubx in abdomen

67
Q

What is neurulation

A

inwardly migrating cells form roof of archenteron, these cells form dorsal mesoderm

68
Q

Cells that overlie mesoderm cells form what?

A

neurectoderm

69
Q

How do these cells form a neural tube?

A

neural plate > neural groove > neural tube

70
Q

What did Spemann term the process of the underlying mesoderm and its role?

A

primary embryonic induction

71
Q

What happens if the grey crescent is not present?

A

no dorsal structures develop

72
Q

Define ‘determination’

A

a stable change in the internal state of a cell such that its fate is then fixed

73
Q

define ‘induction’

A

one group of cells signals to another group of cells in the embryo and so influences how they will develop

74
Q

define ‘primary embryonic induction’

A

the induction of a whole body axis

75
Q

How does the Spemann organiser form?

A

Beta-catenin gradient, synthesised throughout embryo
Dishevelled in vegetal pole
After fertilisation, dishevelled transported by microtubules along corticol cytoplasm to future dorsal region
GSK-3 blocked by Dsh in grey crescent

76
Q

What does BMP4 do?

A

inhibits cells from forming neural tissues, promotes formation of ventral structures

77
Q

What 3 axes does the pentadactyl vertebrate limb have?

A

P/D
A/P
D/V

78
Q

What forms limb buds?

A

mesenchyme cells that form under ectoderm

79
Q

What happens if AER is removed?

A

limb ceases to grow outward

80
Q

Where do Hox proteins act?

A

in body segments to determine limb bud identity

81
Q

where is the signalling centre located and what is it called?

A

posterior region of limb bud, zone of polarizing activity

82
Q

What is signal for apoptosis provided by?

A

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)

83
Q

What is syndactyly?

A

webbed-fingers

Molecular Biology 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions