Dr Bell Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s a polymer and what’s a monomer ?

A

Polymer - a long complex chain of similar monomers

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2
Q

Glucose +glucose =
Glucose +fructose =?
Glucose +galactose=

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

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3
Q

How to test for a reducing sugar

A

Benedict’s and heat , brick red precipitate is a positive result.

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4
Q

What is the main storage material in plants ?

A

Starch

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5
Q

Describe starch

A

Plants store excess glucose as starch , contains amylose (long unbranched , coiled , compact ), amylopectin(long batches alpha glucose , side branches that can be easily broken down )
Insoluble in water sod oesnt affect water potential.

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6
Q

What is the main storage material in animals ? Describe it

A

Glycogen , polysaccharide of alpha glucose many side branches , very compact.

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7
Q

How is cellulose suites for its purpose ?

A

Long , unbranched beta glucose, straight cellulose chains held by hydrogen bonds , microfribrils that give good support for cell walls.

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8
Q

What’s the test for starch ?

A

Add iodine in dissolved potassium iodide solution. Positive result - blue black coloration

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9
Q

What are lipid made form ?

A

Proteins carbs and hydrocarbons

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10
Q

Describe a triglyceride

A

One molecule of glycerol , three fatty acids(hydrophobic tails men’s they are insoluble ) , three ester bonds

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11
Q

What’s the basic structure of a fatty acid ?

A

O—C—R

OH

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12
Q

What’s the difference between saturated and unsaturated ?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds between each carbon and can cause the hydrocarbon chain to kink.

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13
Q

How are triglycerides formed ?

A

Condensation reaction between glycerol and. A fatty acid to form ester bonds.

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14
Q

Describe a phospholipid

A

Found in cell membranes , two fatty acids , one phosphate head , two ester bonds.

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15
Q

What are the properties of triglycerides and phospholipids ?

A

Triglyceride-energy storage molecules , long HC chains have lots of chemical energy , insoluble in water don’t affect water potential due to fatty acid tails facing inwards.
Phospholipids- make up Bauer of cell meme range , hydrophilic heads , centre is hydrophobic so water soluble substances can’t pass through.

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16
Q

How to test for a lipid

A

Emulsion test, shake substance with ethanol and pour solution into water , any lipid will= milky emulsion

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17
Q

What are proteins made from?

A

Monomers =amino acids , dipepride =two amino acids , polypeptide =several amino acids , proteins are made from one or more polypeptides.

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18
Q

What’s the general structure of an amino acid ?

A
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
Amino group(-NH2)
R group (always contain carbon apart from glycine which has H)
19
Q

How are dipeptides and polypeptides formed ?

A

Condensation reactions

20
Q

Describe primary structure

A

Sequence of amino acids in the polypeptides chain.

21
Q

Describe secondary structure

A

Hydrogen bonds form between amino acids into alpha helix or beta pleated sheets

22
Q

Describe tertiary structure

A

Cooked even more hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds , disulfide bridges between cysteine (sulfers )

23
Q

Describe quarternary structure

A

Several polypeptide chains assembled together.

24
Q

What’s the test for proteins ?

A

Add sodium hydroxide , then add copper sulfate solution . Purple =positive result

25
Q

What do enzymes do ?

A

Catalyst metabolic reactions by lowering activation energy.

26
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme activity ?

A

Low temp =low ROR
Optimum temp =highest ROR
high temp =enzyme denatures

27
Q

How does pH affect enzyme activity ?

A

Optimum =best ROR
Too low/too High H+ and OH- ions disrupt the ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds that hold tertiary structure in place-denaturation

28
Q

How does substrate conc affect enzyme activity ?

A

Higher conc=higher ROR , eventually plateus when all active sites are full

29
Q

How does enzyme conc affect enzyme activity ?

A

More enzyme =higher ROR , but if substrate amount is limited the increase in enzymes has no affect .

30
Q

Describe competitive inhibitors

A

Similar shape to substrate , compete for active site

31
Q

Describe non competitive inhibitors

A

Bind away from the active site causing active site to change shape so substrates can no longer bind.

32
Q

How to estimate initial rate of reaction

A

Draw tangent from 0, calculate gradient , work out the units

33
Q

What’s the structure of a nucleotide ?

A

Phosphate , pentose sugar, nitrogenous base

34
Q

Describe polynucleotide structure

A

Joined via condensation reactions ,?forming phosphodiester bonds , sugar phosphate back bone .

35
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

Double helix , two strands , really long and cooled tightly.

36
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between AT and GC

A

AT 2

GC 3

37
Q

What’s different about RNA ?

A

Ribose sugar, uracil instead of thymine , single strand , shorter .

38
Q

Describe the process of DNA replication.

A

DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between bases on DNA strands , unwinds .
Each original strand acts as a template for new strand , complementary bad pairing means nucleotide join on to exposed bases
Condensation reactions join the nucleotides of the new strand together catalysts by DNA polymerase , forming hydrogen bonds
Each new dna has half the original strand

39
Q

Messlson and stalls experiment

A

N15 put into N14 to make hybrids
Hybrids put into N14 to make 50% hybrids
Those hybrids put into N14 to make 25% hybrids. Semi conservative replication .

40
Q

Describe the structure of ATP

A

Adenine , ribose , three phosphate heads (phosphate group )

41
Q

How is energy released from ATP?

A

Hydrolase hydrolysis , from ATP to ADP +P, the in organic phosphate head and be used in phosphorylation to make compounds more reactive

42
Q

Describe waters importance

A

Polar , metabolite , good solvent polarity of water pulls ions apart ,high latent heat of vapouutisation , can resist changes in temp ,very cohesive , high surface tension .

43
Q

Describe the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes .

A

Eukaryotes are animal and plant cells -they have membrane bound organelles and nucleus , large 80S ribosomes

Prokaryotes (bacteria ) free genetic material , cell wall is made of morein, small 70S ribosome , fully developed flagella.