Dr Alison Bacon Flashcards by Thomas Berenyi

Personality

The tendency to show consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings and actions.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Traits

Characteristic patterns of thought, emotion and behaviour together with the psychological mechanisms behind these patterns.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Allport (1897-1967)

Lexiacal Hypothesis, cardinal traits (dominant), central traits (situational) and secondary traits (preferences)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Raymond Cattell (1905-1998)

Factor analysis (15), 15+ intellingence = 16 personality factor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Paul Costa + Robert McCrae

Big 5 - openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness and neuroticism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Evidence for the big five model

Fits with other personality models. Predictive utility, heritability and valid cross culturally

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why are trait theories useful?

They help us quantify and measure personality

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some limitations of trait theories?

Correlation vs causation. Descriptive communication tools/are traits real? Stability ovet time?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Alternative trait, theories

Big 7 -ve/+ve valence.
Big 6 HEXACO - B5 + Honesty/Humility
Big 2 - Alpha/Beta model
Big 1 - general factor of personality

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Eysenck’s biological model?

Hey Siri based on biological factors - heritable ability to learn and adapt to environment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PEN model

Phychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Biological basis for PEN model

Phychoticism - testosterone levels
Extraversion - cortical arousal (EEG) higher E = chonically under aroused and bored.
Neuroticism - reactivity of lymbic system/amygdala

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Monozygotic twins PEN

50 variation associated with P and E - social factors as well as genetic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Social cognitive theories

Assume personal agency and interactions with environment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Albert Bandura SCT

Triadic reciprocal causation - person, behaviour and environment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Types of environment

Imposed - not optional/choice to respond
Selected - chosen through life choices and behaviours
Constructed - through generative effort - perception

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the common association with traits?

An Interactionist approach where both traits and situations produce behaviour

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the two competing ideas on longitudinal variance of traits?

Hard plaster (McCrae et al 2000) - stable at 30 in typical individuals.
Soft plaster (Caspi & Roberts, 2001) - not stable until 50

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

McCrae Hardplaster

18-30: NEO decline, AC increase (Biology)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Caspi and Roberts Soft Plaster

Large environmental shifts influence change - genetic factors Impact interaction with environment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Srivastava et al 2003 - Big 5

C up early adulthood (career?)
A changes mid-adulthood (kids?)
N down - women - selfesteem ^ -ve early experiences

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Roberts trait change

Change can happen quickly - moderators include form of therapy, presenting problem, duration of treatment.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Israel health

Add personality results to existing medical docs - better recignition for preventative care and advancements in understanding

Intelligence

One’s ability to perform hi all the tasks

Intelligence quotient

Spearman’s G

- generalised intellgence factor underlying performance - determines how well we use ability/knowledge ie inferences and manipulation.

Thurstones multifactorial model

Associative memory, visual-spatial, mathematical, verbal-comprehension, perceptual speed, word fluency and reasoning

Cattells 2 factor theory:

Fluid intelligence (gf) - ability to learn and deal with new information Crystalised intelligence (gc) - knowledge and skills from acculturative learning

Wechsel adult intelligence scale (WAIS)

16-90, 12 subtests, verbal, performance and full scale IQ

Verbal IQ

Measure of aquired knowledge, verbal reasoning and attention to verbal reasoning

Performance IQ

Measure of fluid reasoning, spatial processing, attentiveness to detail and visual-motor integration

Full scale IQ

Estimate of general level of intellectual functioning

WASI

Wechsel abbreviated scale intelligence - shorter than WAIS with high correlation

Advantages of WAIS

Quantification, predictive utility and identify differences

Culture fair testing

Designed to eliminate cultural advantages and disadvantages. Focuses on non-verbal reasoning, “meaning making”. Taps into fluid intelligence.

Raven’s progressive matricies

Patterns - Autism spectrum disorder perform well

Evaluation of IQ testing (5)

Standardised, test retest stability can vary <15, life span IQ, intelligence vs conceptual knowledge, high internal validity = predictive power

Educational bias of IQ testing?

Favours those strong in logical, mathematical, verbal and linguistic ability.

Multiple intelligences (3)

Independent but work together (biology, formative relationships and cultural background).

Hot intelligence

Non-cognitive abilities, especially those used in every day life ( social skills)

Cold intelligence

Analytical abilities ie maths

Robert Sternbergs triarchic imtelligence theory

Componential, experiential and practical

Successful intelligence - analytical/componential (3)

- underlying mental mechanisms of information processing. - Analysing, evaluating, critiquing, comparing and contrasting. - measured by traditional ability tests

Successful intelligence - creative/experiential (2)

Novelty - solving uniquely Automation - performed with little to no thought

Successful intelligence - Practical/contextual (4)

- using knowledge to interact with the world - adaptation to environment - shaping environement (choices) - selecting behaviours in situations

H squared

Heritability coefficient

Concordance

Degree to which things are similar

Jang et al 2002 - twins g and c

- MZ reared in same family have greater concordance than DZ - assumption of ideal research conditions - assume differences must be genetic as environement is shared HOWEVER - shared genes don’t equal shared experiences

How is H squared overestimated in twin studies? (3)

Adopted to extended family, families similar to birth family and placement strategies of agencies

Limitations if twin studies (3)

Not representative of general population, genes may not have 100% penetrance, traits may not be polygenic

Assortative mating

Non-random selection of mate based on phenotypes and displayed traits

Highest concordance between parents and offspring?

IQ - 0.4

With respect to families, when is IQ generally lower?

Youngest child, more children, lower SES

Intelligence and class structure shape?

Bell curve

SES is associated with differences in…

Exective function, memory, emotional regulation and underlying brain areas

Eugenics

Intent to create children with desirable traits

Flynn effect

Year on year rise of global intelligence test scores