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CRRAB II- Week 5 > Downing: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Downing: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to the velocity of air as it reaches the respiratory division?

A

It DECREASES b/c cross sectional diameter INCREASES

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2
Q

What separates the nasal caivty?

A

Bony and cartilagenous nasal septum

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3
Q

What projects from the bony lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae

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4
Q

How does the nasal cavity open to the outside? To the nasopharynx?

A

Outside- naresNasopharynx- choanae

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5
Q

What is in the anterior portion of the nasal cavity?

A
  1. skin2. vibrissae3. sebaceous and sweat glands
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6
Q

What is in the posterior portion of the nasal cavity?

A
  1. Non-olfactory regions2. Olfactory region
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7
Q

What does the non- olfactory region contain?

A
  1. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium2. lamina propria (vascularized, seromucous glands, plasma cells)
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8
Q

Where is the olfactory region of hte nasal cavity located?

A

Roof the the nasal cavitysuperior aspect of the nasal septumsuperior concha

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9
Q

What are the three main types of cells in the olfactory epithlelium?

A
  1. Olfactory cells (bipolar neurons)–> olfactory nerve2. Sustentacular cells3. basal cells
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10
Q

Describe the path of an olfactory cell.

A

Vesicle protrudes above the epithelial surface>nucleus near the middle of the cell>axon passes from the base of the cell and through the basal lamina

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11
Q

What do sustentacular cells do?

A

Physical support, nourishment and electrical insulation for olfactory cells

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12
Q

What do the basal cells do?

A

Replace olfactory and sustentacular cells (last less than one year)

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13
Q

What does the olfactory region consist of?

A
  1. olfactory epithelium ( bipolar, sustentacular, basal cells)2. lamina propria (richly vascularized, contains axons, bowmans glands)
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14
Q

What stops pariticulates in the nasal cavity?

A

Vibrissae

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15
Q

How do the particulates get trapped?

A

bed of mucous

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16
Q

Where does the mucous lie?

A

ABOVE a more fluid serous layer where the tips of hte cilia terminate

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17
Q

What happens as the cilia beat in the nasal cavity?

A

Serous layer moves and the more superficial mucous layer moves down the pharynx for swallowing

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18
Q

What keeps the mucosa of hte nasal cavity warm and humidified?

A

rich vascular supply

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19
Q

How does the nasal cavity monitor for antigens and allergens?

A

Lymphoid components of the lamina propriaIgAIgE

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20
Q

What does secretory IgA do in the nasal cavity?

A

Produced by Plasma cells>transported into nasal cavity by ciliated columnar cells

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21
Q

What does secretory IgE do in the nasal cavity?

A

Produced by plasma cells>binds to cell membranes of mast cells and basophils>causes basophils/mast cells to release mediators of inflammation>act on nasal mucosa>cold and hay fever

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22
Q

What type of epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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23
Q

How does the epithelium lining the nasopharynx differ from that of the oro and laryngeal pharynx?

A

Naso- respiratory epitheliumOro and pharynx- stratified squamous

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24
Q

What are the two hyaline cartilages of the lyarnx?

A

Thyroid and cricoid

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25
Q

What is the elastic cartilage of the larynx?

A

Epiglottis cartilage

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26
Q

What controls the movements of the cartilages?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic skeletal muscles act on cartilages that are connected by ligaments

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27
Q

Where are the vestibular fold located? Are they movable? What lines them?

A

Superior positionImmovablePseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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28
Q

Where are the vocal folds located? Do they chagne shape?

A

InferiorYes

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29
Q

What muscle is attached to the vocal ligament and assists other intrinsic laryngeal muscles in altering tension on teh vocal folds?

A

Vocalis muscle

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30
Q

What does the vocalis muscle do?

A

Regulates the width of space between the vocal folds

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31
Q

What covers the superior surface of the vocal chords? The rest of it?

A

Stratified SQUAMOUS epitheliumPseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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32
Q

What is the core of the epiglottis made of?

A

elastic cartilage

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33
Q

What covers the superior surface of the epiglottis? Inferior?

A

Superior- Stratified SQUAMOUS epitheliumInferior- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

34
Q

Where does the trachea begin?

A

Cricoid cartilage and bifurcates to form the primary bronchi

35
Q

What reinforces the wall of the trachea?

A

10-12 C shaped cartilagenous rings

36
Q

What does contraction of the trachealis muscle do to the C shaped rings?

A

Decreases the diameter of the tracheal lumen> faster air flow

37
Q

What are the three layers of the trachea?

A

mucosasubmucosaadventitia

38
Q

What lines the mucosa of the trachea consist of? What cells are found in it?

A

Respiratory epitheliumGoblet cells-> secrete mucousCiliated columnar cells> mucociliary elevatorBasal cells- divide to replenishDNES- neuroendocrine cells

39
Q

What distinguishes the basement membrane of the mucosa of the trachea?

A

VERY thick

40
Q

What distinguishes the lamina propria in the mucous layer of the trachea?

A

Very narrowMay contain an elastic lamina that separates the lamina propria from underlying submucosa

41
Q

What is found in the submucosa of the trachea?

A

Mucous and seromucous glands

42
Q

What is found in the adventitia of the trachea? What does it do?

A

Fibroelastic connective tissue that anchors trachea to esophagus and connective tissues of the neck

43
Q

What decreases as the airway progressively decreases in size?

A 
DECREASES:
cartilage
glands
goblet cells
height of epithelial cells
44
Q

What INCREASES as the airway progressively decreases in size?

A

INCREASES:

smooth muscle and elastic tissue (w/ respect to thickness of the airway)

45
Q

What accompanies the primary bronchi?

A

pulmonary arteries, veins and lymph vessels

46
Q

What happens to the primary bronchi in the right lung?

A

trifurcates to lead to the three lobes of the right lung

47
Q

What happens to the primary bronchi of the left lung?

A

bifurcates to lead to the two lobes of the left lung

48
Q

How do the secondary and tertiary bronchi differ from the primary bronchi?

A

C shaped cartilage rings are replaced by irregular plates of hyaline cartilage

Two distinct layers of smooth muscle found at interface between lamina propria and submucosa

Serous mucous glands are present

THINNER psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lines lumen

49
Q

What supplies air to the primary lobules?

A

bronchioles

50
Q

What type of bronchioles are ciliated simple columnar w/ occasional goblet cells?

A

Large bronchioles

51
Q

What type of bronchioles are simple cuboidal lined w/ MANY cilia and with the occaisional clara cell but NO goblet cells?

A

smaller bronchioles

52
Q

What are Clara cells?

A

CC16 Columnar cells that secrete a product that line and protect the bronchiolar epithelium. They degrade inhaled toxins via a cytochrome p450 enzymes in the membranes of their smooth ER.

Also produce a surfactant that decreases surface tension of hte bornchioles.

53
Q

What is unique about the lamina propria of the bronchioles?

A

No glands or catilage

54
Q

What is the terminus of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

terminal bronchioles

55
Q

What type of cells line the epithelium of the terminal bornchioles?

A

clara cells

cuboidal cells

56
Q

What is characteristic of the lamina propria of the terminal bronchioles?

A

one or two layers of non-distinct smooth muscle

57
Q

How are the respiratory bronchioles different from the terminal bronchioles?

A

Wall is interrupted w/ occasional ALVEOLI where gas can be exchanged

As the bronchioles get SMALLER the alveoli INCREASE

58
Q

Where do the respiratory bronchioles terminate?

A

alveolar duct

59
Q

What composes the walls of the alveolar ducts?

A

Linear arragements of alveoli

60
Q

What reinforces the alveolar ducts?

A

interalveolar septa that is THIN and VASCULARIZED

61
Q

What regulates the diameter of the alveolar opening?

A

Single smooth muscle cell that forms a delicate sphincter that regulates the diameter of the opening

62
Q

What’s an alveolar sac?

A

Cluster of alveoli at the end of an alveolar duct

63
Q

How many alveoli are present in the lungs?

A

300 million

64
Q

What are the components of the interalveolar septum?

A

thin: continuous capillary and basal lamina
thick: type III collagen, elastic fibers, mphages, fibroplasts, mast cells, lymphoid elements

65
Q

What are the two cell types in alveolar walls?

A

type I pneumocytes

type II pneumocytes

66
Q

Describe type I pneumocytes

A

Simple sq epithelial cells that cover 85% of the alveolar surface
FEWER in number than type II
form occluding junctions w/ each other

THIN

67
Q

Describe type II pneumocyte

A

cuboidal
5% of alveolar surface
more numberous than type I
form tight junctions w/ type I

contain membrane bound lamellar bodies

68
Q

What do the lamellar bodies in type II pneumocytes do?

A

Contain a pulmonary surfactant- dipalmitoryl phosphatidyldcholine and phosphatidylglycerol

69
Q

Where is the surfactant released to and what does it do?

A

Released into the LUMEN of the alveolus and it decreases the surface tension and prevents the collapse of hte alveolus

Continuously produced by type II pneumocytes and phagocytosed by type II pneumocytes and alveolar mphages

70
Q

What is a dust cell?

A

Alveolar mphage–phagocytose particulate matter

71
Q

What forms the blood gas barrier in the alveolar sacs?

A
  1. Surfactant and type I pneumocytes
  2. basal lamina of type I pneumocytes and endothelial cell sof capillaries
  3. endothelial cells of the continuous capillary
72
Q

Describe the path of the pulmonary arteries

A

Parallel the bronchial tree

73
Q

What do the pulmonary arteries do?

A

brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the right side of the heart and when they reach the level of the respiratory bronchioles form an extensive pulmonary capiallry network of continous capillaries

74
Q

What is the venous drainage to the lungs?

A

In the septa between lobules following a DIFFERENT path than the arteries

75
Q

Where do the bronchial arteries come from?

A

Branches of the thoracic aorta

76
Q

What do the bronchial arteries do?

A

Bring nutrient laden and oxygen laden blood to the bornchial tree, interlobular septa and pleura of the lungs

77
Q

What do the bronchial veins drain into?

A

azygous veins

78
Q

Where is the lymphatic drainage in the lungs?

A

Superficial system in THE VISCERAL PLEURA that eventually drains to the HILAR LYMPH NODES AT THE root of each lung

Deep system in the pulmonary interstitium that separates into three groups following the pulmonary arteries and veins and the bronchial tree. All drain into the HILAR LYMPH NODES.

79
Q

What happens to lymph after it reaches the hilar lymph nodes?

A

Efferent lymph vessels deliver it to the thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct

80
Q

What causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle (bronchodilation)?

A

sympathetic fibers from the thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia

81
Q

What causes bronchoconstriction?

A

Parasympathetic supply from the vagus

CRRAB II- Week 5 (3 decks)

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