Down Syndrome - Elias L1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the chromosomal error that cases trisomy 21 and what increases the risk of this happening?

A

Error in nondisjunction

Maternal age ≥35-40

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1
Q

What are the three genotypes associated with DS and what percentages of pts present with each?

A

Trisomy 21 95%
Unbalanced Translocation 3-4% (e.g. t(21,14))
Mosaic Tri 21 1-2% milder presentation usually

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2
Q

First trimester screening for Trisomy 21?

A

Ultrasond measrement of nuchal folds (extra folds = bad)
Beta-hCG + PAPP-A

(human chorionic gonadotropin, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A)

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3
Q

2nd trimester trisomy 21 screening?

Detection rate in 2nd trimester?

A
Quad Screen
	beta-hCG
	AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)
	unconjugated estriol
	inhibin level

Detection rate at 2nd trimester = 95%

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4
Q

Estimated incidence of trisomy 21?

A

1 in 700

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5
Q

At what maternal age is the risk become high?

A

35 and up the curve shoots up.

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6
Q

Recurrance risk?

A

1/100 + maternal age risk (see graph)

age 40 risk is 1/100

—> recurrance risk is 1/50

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7
Q

List some common physical finding of a DS infant.

A
  1. growth parameters usually normal
  2. midfacial hypoplasia
  3. upslanting palpebral fisures, epicanthal folds
  4. small ears
  5. tounge seems large but really the oral compartment is small
  6. low muscle tone (hypotonia), double jointed (increased joint mobility)
  7. short fingers, transverse palmer crease, 5th finger incurving (clinodactyly), increased space btwn 1st & 2nd toes
  8. Eustation tubes too small -> ear infections
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8
Q

Incidence of cardiac issues in DS pts?

Some common cardiac issues?

A

50% of DS pts have cardiac issues

Wide range of cardiac defects:
Atrioventriclar Canal (common, needs surgical repair)
hole btwn atria
hole btwn ventricles

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9
Q

Incidence of GI tract issues in DS pts?

3 most common ones?

A

10 - 15% of infants have GI tract structural anomalies

Esophageal atresia
Dodenal atresia
Hirschsprng’s Disease (sympathetics non-functional in lower 1/3 of bowel, constipation)

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10
Q

What are the functional GI issues in DS pts?

A

feeding problems - very common
constipation - extremely common due to hyptonia
GERD - very common
Celiac Disease (screen with TTG +IgA)

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11
Q

What are the opthalmologic problems in DS pts?

A
blocked tear ducts
myopia (near sightedness)
strabismus (lazy eye)
nystagmus
cataracts - congenital or dev. over time
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12
Q

What fraction of DS pts have ear, nose and throat problems?

Common ENT problems?

A

2/3

chronic ear infections (small eustatian tubes)
deafness (both conductive (fluid) and sensorineural)
chronic nasal congestion
enlarged tonsils & adnoids = Obstructive Sleep Apnea, also related to obesity

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13
Q

What are some common endocrine disorders in DS pts?

A
Thyroid = most common endocrine problem seen; usually hypothyroidism but also Grave's disease
Insulin Dependent Diabetes (type 1)
Alopecia Areata (hair falls out in patches)
Reduced fertility
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14
Q

Joint issues in DS pts?

A

hips dislocation
joint subluxation
**atlantoaxial subluxation - rare but bad = high level cervical paralysis

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15
Q

Hematologic Issues in DS pts?

A

Myeloproliferative disorder in newborns
increased risk of leukemia - 12 to 20 times
iron deficiency anemia

16
Q

Developmental Isses in DS pts?

A

hypotonia = gross motor activities affected
intellectual disabilities - average is mile-moderate disabilities (50 IQ)
Speech problems - poss. due to hypotonia; tongue not fit in mouth or hearing issues or some comb. of the three
use sign language

17
Q

Neurologic issues in DS pts?

A

hypotonia - mild to severe possible

seizures - especially infantile spasms

18
Q

Psychiatric Issues in DS pts?

A

Depression
early Alzheimers
Autism 1 in 10 pts