dosage forms and administration routes Flashcards
why are dosage forms developed?
for
-safety
-convenience
-efficacy
-accuracy
-reproducibility
-convenience
how is a dosage form made?
-active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) + excipients
what are excipients?
give examples
non active ingredients of various functions e.g
-solubilising
-preserving
-adding flavour
-avoiding oxidation
what factors influence the choice of dosage form?
-patient
-disease
-setting
what are the advantages of the oral route?
-simplest route
-patient compliance
-self administration
-safest route (if used properly)
what are the disadvantages of the oral route?
-onset of slow action
-absorption may be irregular from GIT
-there can be degradation of drugs due to enzymes and other secretions
-the first past effect decreases the drug concentration
-drug solubility may be altered due to interaction with other substances
-gastric emptying may bary due to foo, drugs,disease etc
what is the sublingual route?
-involves the area under the tongue
what is the buccal route?
-it involves the area between the upper lip and gum or on the cheek
what is the difference between the sublingual and buccal route?
-the sublingual route has a fast onset of action but a shorter duration the buccal route has a quick onset but longer duration of action
what are the advantages of the buccal route?
-sliva facilitates the dissolution
-drugs are absorbed into circulation
-the first past effect is avoided
-drugs can be administered to unconscious patients
-antiemetic drugs may be administered via this route
what are the advantages of the rectal route?
-can be used when the oral route is unsuitable
-can be used with uncooperative patients such as children or babies
-it is useful when if a drug causes GI irritation
what are the disadvantages of the rectal route?
-absorption is irregular and unpredictable
-less convenient
-there is low patient acceptability in the UK
what is the topical route?
-it involve the skin used as a site of administration
-there is a local effect
-there is also a systemic effect so there is no first pass effect
what is the nasal route?
what is the difference between local and systemic effect?
-the local effect targets specific areas of the body to achieve localised effects, while systemic effect delivers medications into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body
what are the different dosage forms included in the vaginal route?
-pessries
-tablets
-capsules
-solutions
-sprays
-creams
-ointments
-foams
what is the inhalation (pulmonary) route?
-involves the nose or mouth
-can be a systemic or local effect
-predominantly used for local effect e.g asthma
-smaller dose is needed
-large surface area required
-there are less side effects
