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M5: Pharmaceutics > Dosage Forms > Flashcards

Dosage Forms Flashcards

1
Q

composed of a solid or mixture of solids reduced to a FINELY DIVIDED and intended for internal or external use

A

Powder

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2
Q

composed of DRY AGGREGATES of powder particles that may contain one or more APIs, with or without other ingredients

A

Granules

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3
Q

solid dosage forms in which medicinal agents and/or inert substances are enclosed in a small SHELL OF GELATIN

A

Capsules

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4
Q

solid dosage forms usually prepared with the aid of suitable pharmaceutical EXCIPIENTS -> COMPRESSED

A

Tablet

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5
Q

semisolid preparations intended for external application to the SKIN or MUCOUS membrane

A

Ointment

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6
Q

are solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body ORIFICES where they melt, soften, or dissolve and exert local or systemic effects

A

Suppositories

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7
Q

liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of NATURALLY MISCIBLE solvents

A

Solutions

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8
Q

preparations containing finely divided drug particles (the SUSPENSOIDS) distributed somewhat uniformly throughout a vehicle in which the drug exhibits a MINIMUM degree of solubility

A

Suspensions

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9
Q

*dispersion in which the dispersed phase is composed of small globules of a LIQUID distributed throughout a VEHICLE in which it is IMMISCIBLE

*Select the oral dosage form, which contains one or more active ingredients that are unstable in the water phase but stabilized in oil-in-water dispersions; either or both phases may contain

A

Emulsions

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10
Q

PRESSURIZED dosage forms that, upon actuation, emit a fine dispersion of LIQUID and/or SOLID materials containing one or more active ingredients in a GASEOUS medium

A

Aerosols

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11
Q
  • use repetitive, INTERMITTENT dosing of a drug from one or more immediate-release units incorporated into a single dosage form
  • Do not produce or maintain uniform drug blood levels within the therapeutic range
  • e.g., enteric-coated tablets, repeat-action tablet, prolonged action
A

Delayed-release systems

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12
Q

*achieves SLOW release of drug over an extended period of time
*non-constant
*First Order Kinetics

A

Sustained-release systems ***

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13
Q

*maintains therapeutic blood levels of
the drug for a PROLONGED period

A

Extended-release

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14
Q

*release at nearly CONSTANT RATE
*Zero Order

A

Controlled Release

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15
Q

delivery of a drug at a PREDETERMINED rate and/or location according to the needs of the body

A

Controlled Drug Delivery

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16
Q

targeting the diseased organ or tissue (or the adjacent parts)

A

Site-specific targeting

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17
Q

target: receptor within organ or tissue

A

Receptor targeting

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18
Q

pharmaceutical dispersed system that is a LOW VISCOSITY LIQUID preparation intended for application to the skin.

A

Lotion

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19
Q

8 (NMT 20% pass thru no. 60)

OFFICIAL DEFINITION OF POWDERS OF
ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE DRUGS

A

Very Coarse

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20
Q

20 (NMT 40% pass thru no. 60)

OFFICIAL DEFINITION OF POWDERS OF
ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE DRUGS

Chemical 20

A

Coarse

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21
Q

40 (NMT 40% pass thru no. 80)

OFFICIAL DEFINITION OF POWDERS OF
ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE DRUGS

Chemical 40

A

Moderately Coarse

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22
Q

60 (NMT 40% pass thru no. 100)

OFFICIAL DEFINITION OF POWDERS OF
ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE DRUGS

Chemical 80

A

Fine***

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23
Q

OFFICIAL DEFINITION OF POWDERS OF
ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE DRUGS

Sieve No. 80
No limit
Chemical 120

A

Very Fine***

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24
Q
  • For NON-potent drugs
  • NON-individual dosing
  • Packaging - bottles (wide open), aerosols, sifter cans
A

Bulk Powder

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25
Q

What are the type of Bulk Powder (5)

A
  1. Dentrifices
  2. Oral powder
  3. Douches
  4. Insufflation
  5. Dusting Powder
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26
Q
  • powder for cleaning TEETH
  • Abrasive, anti-CARIOGENIC
A

Dentrifices

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27
Q

Intended to be SWALLOWED (dissolved in water prior to use)

A

Oral powder

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28
Q
  • cleanse the VAGINA
  • dispensed in the forms of tablets or powder
  • powder is dissolved in warm (tepid) water
  • pH usually 3.5 to 5 when the solution is prepared
A

Douches

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29
Q
  • introduced into BODY CAVITY
  • powder is placed in insufflator →squeeze the bulb to release particles trough the nozzle to the region for which the medication is intended.
  • passed through a mesh # 100
A

Insufflation

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30
Q
  • dusted on the skin by means of sifter-top containers
  • provides NO systemic toxicity
  • grit-free –> impalpable to touch
A

Dusting Powder

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31
Q

◼ Aka Chartula/Chartulae
◼ For POTENT drugs
◼ Powders divided into single doses
◼ Packaging: Individualized more accurate dosage form than bulk powder

A

DIVIDED POWDERS

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32
Q

TYPES OF PAPER USED FOR DIVIDED POWDERS

*transparent WAXY paper
*HIGHEST MOISTURE RESISTANT for drugs that are volatile, hygroscopic, deliquescent, efflorescent

A

Waxed Paper

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33
Q

TYPES OF PAPER USED FOR DIVIDED POWDERS

*LIMITED MOISTURE RESISTANCE
*also for volatile substances
*GLAZED transparent paper

A

Glassine Paper

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34
Q

TYPES OF PAPER USED FOR DIVIDED POWDERS

*LIMITED MOISTURE RESISTANCE
*thin, semi-opaque paper

A

Vegetable Parchment

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35
Q

TYPES OF PAPER USED FOR DIVIDED POWDERS

*NO MOISTURE RESISTANCE
*for non-volatile, or ingredients not adversely affected by air or moisture

A

Bond Paper

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36
Q

◼ powder + small amount of liquid FORMING A PASTE
◼ use of NON–volatile, NON-solvent known as LEVIGATING AGENT
◼ examples
1. Mineral oil (BEQ: aka liquid paraffin)
2. Castor oil
3. PEG

A

Levigation

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37
Q

◼ grinding using MORTAR & PESTLE
1. Glass Mortar
2. Porcelain/Wedgewood

◼intended both to MIX and COMMINUTE

A

Trituration ***

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38
Q

◼ use of VOLATILE solvent such as ALCOHOL (camphor reduction), ETHER (iodine reduction)
◼ applicable for GUMMY materials

A

Pulverization by Intervention

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39
Q

Mechanical method of particle size reduction

A

Milling

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40
Q

*Principle: CUTTING
*For comminuting
1. fibrous
2. crude drugs

Shear cutting cutting (in chikading song)

A

Shear Mill

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41
Q

*Principle: compression w/ application pressure

A

End Runner Mill

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42
Q

*Principle: Impact
*Comminuting ALMOST ALL drugs, except thermoLABILE substances

A

Hammer Mill

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43
Q

*Principle: Impact and attrition
*Ball as grinding medium
*Pin as impactor

A

Ball and Pin Mill

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44
Q

*Principle: attrition and compression

A

Rolling Mill

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45
Q

*Blending small amounts of powders by movement of SPATULA
*Not for LARGE-scale or POTENT powders

A

Spatulation (or small scale, non-potent)

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46
Q

*Small amount of POTENT drug substances + large amount of DILUENT
*to ensure the uniform distribution of potent drugs

A

Geometric Dilution

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47
Q

*Powder is enclosed in a LARGE container which rotates by a motorized process
* For large-scale mixing

A

Tumbling

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48
Q

*Use of a SIFTER
*Result: light, fluffy powder
*Not for POTENT drugs

A

Sifting

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49
Q

*Agglomerates of powders
*Requirement: 4-12 mesh sizes (or 0.2-4 mm)

A

Granules

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50
Q

Why granulate?

A
  1. ↑ FLOW and compaction
  2. ↑ COMPRESSIBILITY in tablet manufacturing process
  3. ↓ DUST during material processing
  4. UNIFORMLY distributes essential ingredients within the granules
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51
Q

*MOST WIDELY EMPLOYED method to produce compressed tablets
*Equipment: Fluid Bed Granulator

A

Wet Granulation

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52
Q

For drugs that are DEGRADED BY MOISTURE or elevated temperature required for drying the wetted material

A

Dry Granulation

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53
Q

OVERWETTING to resulting granules

A

Granules will be HARD

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54
Q

UNDERWETTING to resulting granules

A

Granules will be SOFT, tend to CRUMBLE

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55
Q

What are the DILUENTS/FILLERS (bulking agent, size enhancer)

A

Lactose - most common diluent
Mannitol
Xylitol
Starch
Kaolin

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56
Q

What are the DISINTEGRANTS (promote ↑ break-up)

A

Starch
Alginates
Cellulose
Clays
Gums

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57
Q

What are the BINDERS (gluers or ↑ adhesion)

A

Natural: Gums
Synthetic: Methylceullose, Ethylcellulose***

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58
Q

What are the GLIDANTS & LUBRICANTS (to improve flowability/flow activators)

A

Glidant example: colloidal silicon dioxide
-Mg stearate
-Ca stearate

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59
Q

Calamine is pink because of

A

Fe2O3

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60
Q

Use to disguise the bitter taste of Quinine

A

Yerba santa - Eriodictyon (best answer)

61
Q

What is the BEST VEHICLE

1.Salty (e.g., Ammonium chloride)
2.Bitter (e.g., quinine)
3.Acrid or sour tasting (e.g., HCl)
4.Oily taste (e.g., castor oil)

A

BEST VEHICLE
1. Cinnamon Syrup
2. Cocoa (if not available, raspberry, cherry, cinnamon)
3. Raspberry
4. Aromatic rhubarb or sarsaparilla syrup

62
Q

Flavoring Methodology

✓ Sour taste- FRUITY flavors, salty flavors
✓ Bitter – blended with salty, SWEET and sour tastes
✓ Chemicals used in blending: VANILLIN, MSG, benzaldehyde

63
Q

Flavoring Methodology

✓ Addition of flavor whose intensity is longer and STRONGER than the obvious taste
✓ Methyl salicylate, Glycyrrhiza (Licorice), oleoresins

A

Overshadows

64
Q

Flavoring Methodology

✓ Formation of INSOLUBLE compounds of the offending drug (e.g., SULFONAMIDE)
✓ EMULSIFICATION of oils, EFFERVESCENCE (magnesium citrate solution)
✓ High viscosity of fluids to LIMIT CONTACT OF DRUG with the TONGUE
✓ Mechanical procedures (COATING tablets)

65
Q

Flavoring Methodology

✓ Absorption of the drug on a substrate or formation of COMPLEX of the drug with ion-exchange RESIN or complexing agents

66
Q

Flavoring Methodology

✓ Taste buds is ANESTHETIZED by MENTHOL or MINT flavors

A

Physiological

67
Q

Methods of Coating Tablets
(SUGAR-COATING TABLETS) 5 Steps

A
  1. Waterproofing and Sealing
  2. Subcoating
  3. Smoothing and final rounding
  4. Finishing (and coloring, if desired)
  5. Polishing
68
Q

Waterproofing substance

69
Q

How many subcoats of sugar-based syrups in Subcoating Step

A

3-5 subcoats

70
Q

Subcoating substances:

A

sucrose solution (gelatin, acacia, or PVP)

71
Q

In Step 3 of sugar-coating tablets, how many additional coatings of a thick syrup to complete the rounding?

72
Q

Methods of Coating Tablets
(SUGAR-COATING TABLETS)

This step is performed in a clean pan

A

Step 4: Finishing (and coloring, if desired)

73
Q

What is use in polishing step of coating tablets?

A

beeswax, carnauba wax

74
Q

METHODS OF COATING TABLETS: (5) ***

A
  1. Sealing (waterproofing)
  2. Subcoating
  3. Smoothing (Grossing)
  4. Color coating
  5. Polishing (Polisher)
75
Q

places a THIN, skin-tight coating of a PLASTIC-like material over the compressed tablet, to produce coated tablets having essentially the SAME weight, shape, and size as the originally compressed tablet

A

Film-coating tablets

76
Q

*intended to pass through the stomach intact to disintegrate and release their drug content for absorption along the small intestine
*must resist the dissolution in the highly acid environment of the stomach

A

Enteric-coating tablets

77
Q

Non-aqueous
Opaquants (?) and colorant ** (in hard gelatin capsule)

A

Opaquant (TiO2)

78
Q

Steps in DRY Granulation (6)

A
  1. Weigh formulation/Milling
  2. Mixing
  3. Pre-compression/Slugging
  4. Sieving/Sieve slugs
  5. Final Mixing
  6. Compression
79
Q

Steps in WET Granulation (6)

A
  1. Weigh & Mix Formulation
  2. Prepare Damp Mass
  3. Screening
  4. Dry the wet granulation
  5. Size granules by Dry Screening
  6. Lubricate & Compress
80
Q

◼ Most common method of preparation
◼ Use of tablet machine (TM)
1. Single Punch TM
✓ Simplest of all machine type

A

Compression

81
Q

✓ More cost efficient
✓ Preferred by industries due to its high
output.

A

Rotary Tablet Pressing Machine

82
Q

PARTS OF A TABLET PRESS

Controls SIZE and SHAPE

83
Q

PARTS OF A TABLET PRESS

DIRECTS granules into the die

'’Directs means direction pag nag tatravel need mo ng SHOE’’

84
Q

PARTS OF A TABLET PRESS

Controls HARDNESS

'’Suntukin mo siya ng malakas’’

85
Q

PARTS OF A TABLET PRESS

LOADS the granules
HOLDS/STORES material for compression

'’Hop in’’

86
Q

PARTS OF A TABLET PRESS

GUIDES punch movement

'’tourGUIDE needs a track’’

87
Q

Medicinal agents + inert substances + small shell of gelatin

88
Q

Parts of the Capsule
1. Shorter, wider
2. Taller, narrower

89
Q

What is the % of HGCs (hard gelatin capsules)

A

12-16% or 13-15%

90
Q

a capsule composed of hard gelatin shell containing hundreds of tiny, coated beads/pellets of drugs for sustained release

91
Q

Method of capsule filling (small scale)

A

Punch Method

92
Q

In Capsule Size

*The higher the number =

A

the smaller the capsule size (small)

93
Q
  1. The LARGER size of capsule?
  2. The SMALLER size of capsule?
94
Q

MATERIALS FOR MAKING CAPSULES

*partially hydrolyze COLLAGEN (connective tissues and bones of animals)

95
Q

Weight in grams needed by a specified plunger to DEPRESS THE GEL (4mm) without breaking

A

Bloom Strength

96
Q

*Encapsulate and hermetically SEAL LIQUIDS, suspensions, pasty materials, dry powders, and even pre-formed tablet

*Composition = GELATIN + SUGAR + WATER + PLASTICIZER

A

Soft -Gelatin Capsule

97
Q

SGC Process
*more efficient
*GEL RIBBON brought together -> Fill is injected
-> Sealed (using pressure and heat)

A

Rotary or reciprocating die process

98
Q

SGC Process
*using series of molds; oldest method
*Warm Gelatin sheet poured in MOLD -> Drug is placed -> Upper gelatin layer is added ->Capsule sealed by pressure

A

Plate process

99
Q

*Dissolve or disintegrate slowly in the mouth
*Dosage form of Strepsils

100
Q

1.Molded lozenges =
2. Compressed lozenges =

A
  1. Pastilles
  2. TroChes
101
Q

Sugar-based LOZENGE on STICK

102
Q

Sometimes known as BEADS

103
Q

Small, ROUND with active ingredient

104
Q

◼ AW = volatile oil + water immiscible
◼ Used as perfumed vehicle
◼ Storage: light resistant container (amber)

A

Aromatic Water

105
Q

◼ = Acacia + Water
◼ thick, viscid, adhesive liquids
◼ Use: Suspending Agent
◼ Category: Aqueous (colloid) sol’n, suspending agent

106
Q

◼ Treatment of EAR infection
◼ Impacted cerumen removal

A

Otic Solution (ear solution)

107
Q

◼ restores MOISTURE to dry nasal passages
◼ curbs INFLAMMATION of mucus membrane
◼ cleanse nasal passages
◼ nasal DECONGESTANT

A

Nasal Solution

108
Q

◼ mouth cleanser
◼ treatment of oral mucus membrane diseases

109
Q

◼ sterile
◼ eye irrigating solution

A

Ophthalmic Solution

110
Q

◼ Use: Contain antiseptic to treat oropharyngeal condition
◼ swish & spit

111
Q

◼ = Fruit extract + H2O
◼ Flavored vehicle with preservative

A

Fruit Juice

112
Q

◼ Diluted acid = conc. acid + purified water (PW)
◼ Diluted HCl = treatment of achlorhydria
◼ Conc Expression
1. % w/w = concentrated acid
2. % w/v = diluted acid
- typically: 10%w/v, except acetic acid: 6% w/v

A

Diluted Acids

113
Q

◼ Aka Clysters
◼ Rectal injections
◼ Use:
✓ evacuation of bowel (laxative)
✓ retention enema (ulcerative colitis)

114
Q

◼ wash surgical wounds, incisions, and body tissues
◼ Requirements:
✓ sterile
✓ Passed Bacterial Endotoxin Test (BET)
✓ minimal amount of solid

A

Irrigation Solution

115
Q

◼ Purified water + sucrose
◼ Methods of Preparation:
1. (+) heat
2. Agitation
3. Percolation

116
Q

◼Sucrose: 85g
◼SG = 1.313
◼Self-preserving
✓ 65 %w/w
✓ 85 %w/v
◼Prepared by Percolation
◼low solvent capacity

A

Simple syrup, NF

116
Q

*Clear, pleasantly flavored solution for oral use
*Must contain alcohol (traditionally 5-40%)
*Iso-alcoholic elixir = low-alcohol (8-10%) + high-alcohol (73-75%)

A

Elixirs ***

117
Q

*Aka Essences
* = Volatile oil + alcohol
1. HIGH Alcohol content: >60%
2. alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution
3. medicinal agent
4. flavorant (orange spirit, cardamom)
5. Stored in light resistant container
6. Spirit + water = salting out

118
Q

Preparations obtained from vegetables & animal drugs

A

Extractives

119
Q
  1. (hydro)Alcohol + chemical (or soluble components of vegetable drugs)
  2. Potency: 100mg/1mL = 10%
  3. Alcohol content: 15-80%
  4. Aging can cause precipitation of the inactive constituents (Mx: Glycerin)
  5. Storage: light-resistant container
120
Q

10% opium tincture (17-21% alcohol)

121
Q

10% potency (74-80% alcohol)

A

Comp benzoin tincture

122
Q
  • Aka 100% Tincture
  • = Vegetable oil + alcohol + percolation
  • Potency: 1g/1mL = 100%
A

Fluidextract

123
Q

*COLLOIDON = Pyroxylin + 1 alcohol + 3 ether
*Flexible collodion = Collodion + 2% camphor +3% castor oil
*Salicylic acid collodion = flexible collodion + 10% salicylic acid

A

Ethereal Solution ***

124
Q

Aka Embrocation

125
Q

It contains Vitamin A & D

A

Oleovitamins

126
Q

Ex: eugenol - dental analgesic

A

Toothache drops

127
Q

TYPES OF COLLOIDS

  • Solvent-loving
  • High affinity b/w dispersed phased and dispersion medium (solvation)
  • NOT easily precipitated=thermodynamically stable
A

Lyophilic

Lyo - solvent

128
Q

TYPES OF COLLOIDS

  • Solvent-hating
  • Low solvation
  • EASILY precipitated=unstable
129
Q

*Surfactants
Micelles **
✓ Aggregates of surfactants dissolved in a dispersion medium
✓ Aggregation occurs over a NARROW concentration range (50 or more monomers)
✓ Use: to INCREASE the solubility of materials that are normally INSOLUBLE (Phenomenon: Micellar Solubilization)

A

Association (Amphiphilic)

130
Q

Concentration at which MICELLES ARE FORMED is termed as

A

Critical Micelle Formation

131
Q

COLLOID PROPERTIES (under Kinetic Properties)

RANDOM (zigzag) movement of particles due to collision

A

Brownian Movement

132
Q

COLLOID PROPERTIES (under Kinetic Properties)

Movement of particles from an area of HIGH conc to an area of LOW conc

133
Q

COLLOID PROPERTIES (under Optical Properties)

  • When a light beam is passed through a colloidal sol, some may be absorbed, some is SCATTERED and the remainder is transmitted undisturbed through the sample
  • FARADAY Effect: the sol. appears turbid due to light scattering
  • Sig: measurement PS, shape as the turbidity depends in the size or MOLECULAR WEIGHT of the colloidal material involved

MNEMONIC: FRAday, saTURday, MOnday

A

Light scattering effect

134
Q

COLLOID PROPERTIES (under Electrical Properties)

  • Aka electrothermodynamic potential
  • the difference in electric potential between the ACTUAL of the particle and the ELECTRONEUTRAL region
A

spirist Potential

135
Q

COLLOID PROPERTIES (under Electrical Properties)

  • aka electrokinetic potential
  • the potential between the surface of the tightly bound layer (known as SHEAR/SLIPPING PLANE) and the electroneutral region of the solution
  • governs the degree of REPULSION between adjacent, similarly charged, dispersed particles
  • Sig: STABILITY of suspension
  • High negative or positive values mean phase STABLE
  • +50 mV(more stable form) vs +20 mV
  • -50mV vs 5 mV
A

Zeta Potential ***

136
Q

Factor that governs the degree of REPULSION in systems containing dispersed particles

A

Zeta Potential

137
Q

INSOLUBLE particles (10-20microns)

A

Suspensoid

138
Q

*lowers sedimentation (settling) rate; thickeners
*decrease settling

A

Suspending agent

139
Q

Ideal Suspension (morse type BE)
Properties of a suspension
1. Settle __________ and readily ________
2. Particle size of suspensoid should remain fairly constant throughout periods of long-standing
3. Pour ___________ and evenly from its
container

A
  1. SLOWLY, REDISPERSIBLE
  2. READILY
140
Q

GELS ***
1. water-based gel
2. freeze-dried
3. supercritical drying; extremely low density; Graphene aerogel
4. room temp. or vacuum; vacuum drying

A
  1. Hydrogel
  2. Cryogel
  3. Aerogel
  4. Xerogel
141
Q
  1. Made up of either SMALL inorganic particles or of LARGE organic molecules enclosing and interpenetrated by a LIQUID
  2. Rendered jelly-like by the addition of GELLING agents
142
Q

REVERSIBLE gel-sol property; thickens when standing, liquefies when shaken

A

Thixotropy

143
Q

taking up of liquid WITHOUT increase in volume

A

Imbibition

144
Q

taking up of liquid WITH increase in volume (lumaki)

A

Swelling ***

145
Q

dispersing medium squeezed out; gel shrinks

146
Q

Identify what type of Gelatin:

Acid hydrolysis

A

Type A Gelatin

147
Q

Identify what type of Gelatin:

Base hydrolysis

A

Type B Gelatin

M5: Pharmaceutics (12 decks)

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