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BioPsych PSYC20006 Theme 3 > Dopamine > Flashcards

Dopamine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 areas releasing and synthesizing dopamine?

A
  1. ) Substantial Nigra (SN)
  2. ) Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
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2
Q

Can neuromodulators be released from the same neruon?

A

No, But they can interact with one another at another brain region

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3
Q

What does SN and VTA do?

A

SN:

  • Motor Control

VTA:

  • Motivation and Emotional responses
  • Reward and addiction
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4
Q

Where does SN and VTA send to?

A
  • Amygdala
  • Nucleus Accumbens (NAc)
  • PFC
  • Straitum
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5
Q

How is dopamine synthesized?

A

Tyrosine > Dopamine > Dopamine > Noradrenaline

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6
Q

What is tyrosine?

A

Amino acid found in food

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7
Q

What is between the conversion of tyrosine to dopa?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

  • Synthesize Enzyme
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8
Q

What is between the conversion of Dopa of Dopamine?

A

Amino Acid Decarboxylase

  • Synthesize Enzyme
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9
Q

What is between the conversion of Dopamine to Noradrenaline?

A

Dopamine β-hydroxylase

  • Synthesize and breaks down dopamine
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10
Q

What is the drug to help dopamine?

A

L-Dopa instead of Dopa

Synthesis further on remains the same (Amino Acid Dehydroxylase > Dopamine > Dopamine-P-Hydroxalse > NA)

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11
Q

What causes PD?

A

Death of dopamine in substantial nigra

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12
Q

What are symptoms of PD?

A

Initial:

  • Motor tremor

Later

  • Cognitive and EF impairments like dementia
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13
Q

What is the cure for PD? What is the problem?

A

No cure, but symptoms can be reduced by

  • Drugs
  • Deep brain stimulation
    • However, treatment may cause impuslivity, gambling, etc…
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14
Q

What does “reward” represent?

A
  • Real
    • e.g. food or sex
  • Symbolic
    • e.g. money
  • Virtual
    • e.g. points in a game
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15
Q

Reward Prediction Error: What happens when an unexpected reward is presented? Why?

A

DA burst

Gain or loss is unexpected the feelings associated are often more intense.

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16
Q

Reward Prediction Error: What happens when an expected reward is presented?

A

No da burst on reward on set, DA burst on beep onset

17
Q

Reward Prediction Error: What happens when expected reward but not given?

A

Suppressed da burst on reward on set, DA burst on beep on set (as usual)

18
Q

What does DA code?

A

Outcomes relative to expectations.

Reward and Effort Cost.

  • Aversive feeling of cognitive effort reflects “opportunity cost”
  • Coding for absense of reward.
19
Q

What are effort costs?

A

Every other rewarding thing one could be doing

20
Q

When will effort task persistence endure or disengage?

A

Endure

  • When the incentive of goals outweighs the cost

Disengage

  • When the incentive of cost (opportunity cost) outweighs the goals

Incentives can help with motivation because they counterbalance opportunity cost.

21
Q

Why is gambling addictive?

A

Unpredictability adds to boost of DA (‘better than expected’)

  • Predictably losing 70% every bet would not be addictive
  • Unexpected large wins (but still losing an average of 70%), the wins are coded as extremely positive
22
Q

What is drug addiction?

A

A chronic relapsing disorder involving compulsive drug-taking and drug-taking at

  • expense of other activities; AND
  • despite adverse consequences
23
Q

What does cocaine do biochemcially?

A

Blocks reuptake of dopamine

24
Q

What is ice and speed? What happens biochemically?

A

Ice: more pure

speed: less pure

Not only blocks, but reverse uptake transporter actively expelling DA and NA out of the neuron

25
Q

What is methylphenidate (ritalin)?

A

Treatment of ADHD

Blocks reuptake of DA and noreadrenaline

26
Q

How do addictive drugs work with reward response?

A
  • Addictive drugs hijack reward response
  • Codes reward better than expected due to DA release (everytime)
  • Quicker release = More Addictive
27
Q

What did animal models of addiction showed?

A

Animals will repeatedly press the buttom to release drugs until they die.

28
Q

Describe the Drugs and Free Will Problem?

A
  1. Drugs initiate “wanting” and in addicted people, this leads to drug urges or cravings.
  2. Impaired cognitive control/PFC caused by excessive dopamine
  3. Cognitive control + Craving = Addiction
29
Q

Does quicker DA release equal to being addictive?

A

Not always.

Might be more important in behaviour and cognitive control [craving] rather than euphoric feeling. (Some addictive drugs slower DA but more addictive)

Euphoric = Opioid system

30
Q

Is there individual suspectability in addiction?

A

More individual differences in susceptibility compared to drug addiction.

Addiction exists to more things (can be real, symbolic, or virtual) more than drugs.

BioPsych PSYC20006 Theme 3 (6 decks)

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