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Mocks 2022 - Chemistry > Don't know > Flashcards

Don't know Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the chemical formula for nitrate?

A

NO3^-

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2
Q

What is an ionic lattice?

A

Found in an ionic compound: millions of ions packed together in a regular cubic shape

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3
Q

What is the BP of ionic compounds?

A

high

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4
Q

Explain the BP of ionic compounds

A

They have a giant ionic lattice which has strong ionic bonding which requires a large amount of energy to overcome.

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5
Q

In what states do ionic compounds conduct electricity and why?

A

Liquid or dissolved as there are mobile electrons

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6
Q

Between what types of substances does covalent bonding occur?

A

Two non metals

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7
Q

Explain the BP of simple covalent compounds:

A

low melting and boiling points as it has strong covalent bonds but weak intermolecular forces which are easy to overcome

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8
Q

Explain the conductivity of simple covalent compounds:

A

not conduct as there are no mobile delocalised electrons

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9
Q

Explain the BP of giant covalent substances:

A

generally have high melting and boiling points: giant covalent lattice, strong covalent bonds which require a lot of energy to break

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10
Q

Why can diamond not conduct electricity?

A

it has no ions are charged particles as they are all in a covalent bond.

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11
Q

Explain the melting and boiling point of graphite:

A

high. despite the attraction between the layers being weak, there are still strong covalent bonds to overcome

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12
Q

Does graphite conduct electricity?

A

Yes as there are mobile delocalised electrons.

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13
Q

Describe the structure of metals:

A

giant metallic structures composed of a lattice of cations surrounded by a sea of mobile delocalised electrons

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14
Q

Why does the rate of reaction always slow down?

A

the concentration of the reactant will decrease

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15
Q

How does pressure affect the RoR?

A

the space in which the gas particles are moving becomes smaller, so the gas particles will come closer together, increasing the frequency of successful collisions.

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16
Q

What is the effect of a catalyst on the RoR?

A

a catalyst speed up the reaction without being used up by lowering the activation energy which means that more particles will have equal to or greater energy than the activation energy

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17
Q

What is the electrode?

A

the terminal at which electricity enters or leaves the electrolyte

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18
Q

What is the electrolyte?

A

A substance which can conduct electricity in its molten or dissolved state

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19
Q

What is electrolysis?

A

Splitting up an ionic compound to form two new products, using electricity.

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20
Q

In electrolysis the …………….. reactive substances gain electrons.

A

least

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21
Q

Describe what happens at the cathode:

A

attracts positive cations
reduction occurs (electrons gained)
a metal is produces

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22
Q

Describe what happens at the anode:

A

attracts negative anions
oxidation occurs (electrons lost)
a non-metal covalent molecule is produced

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23
Q

What three substances beat OH- at the anode?

A

bromine, iodine, chlorine

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24
Q

What is the order of the reactivity series determined by?

A

Reactivity with water, hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid

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25
Q

What do those above hydrogen react with and why? (reactivity series)

A

Acid. The more reactive metal is able to displace the hydrogen within the acid.

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26
Q

What do those above magnesium react with? (reactivity series)

A

Water

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27
Q

What is galvanising?

A

Coating an object in zinc as it is more reactive and will react with water instead of the iron

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28
Q

What is sacrificial protection?

A

Attaching a block of zinc to the object so it will react in place of the iron

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29
Q

How are metals below carbon extracted from their ores?

A

through a displacement reaction with carbon as it will take the place of the less reactive metal in its oxide, producing pure metal and CO2

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30
Q

Name three uses of copper:

A

good conductor so used in wires
unreactive so used for pipes
antibacterial properties so used for hospital surfaces

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31
Q

Name two used of aluminium:

A

low density so used to make aircrafts

low reactivity due to aluminium oxide layer, making it useful for pans

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32
Q

Name a use of low carbon steel:

A

strong and malleable so used for ships and bridges (can rust)

33
Q

name a use of high carbon steel:

A

very strong so used for cutting tools (very brittle)

34
Q

Name a use of stainless steel:

A

corrosion resistant so used for cutlery tools and kitchen sinks

35
Q

What is the colour change in methyl orange for an acid?

A

red

36
Q

What is the colour change in methyl orange for a base?

A

yellow

37
Q

acid + metal —>

A

salt

38
Q

acid + metal oxide –>

A

salt + water

39
Q

acid + metal carbonate –>

A

salt + water + carbon dioxide

40
Q

What are the solubility rules (in short)

A

SNAP, ClaSPbAg, InCH, So SuBaCa

41
Q

What does SNAP stand for?

A

All sodium, nitrate, ammonium and potassium salts are soluble.

42
Q

What does InCH stand for?

A

insoluble carbonates and hydroxides (except SNAP)

43
Q

What does ClaSPbAg stand for?

A

Chlorides are soluble except lead and silver.

44
Q

What does So SuBaCa stand for?

A

soluble sulphates except barium and calcium.

45
Q

What are four possible methods for making salts?

A

precipitation, titration, acid + soluble base, acid + metal/acid + insoluble base

46
Q

What is the method to a precipitation reaction?

A
  1. dissolve soluble salts in water
  2. combine two salt solutions
  3. filter - to remove soluble salts, keep precipitate, discard solution
  4. wash precipitate with distilled water - to make pure salt
  5. dry on windowsill to form dry crystals
47
Q

What is the method to making a soluble salt from an acid and excess metal/base

A
  1. combine excess metal with acid
  2. keep adding metal until there is residue or bubbling stops
  3. filter the metal out
  4. boil off half the water to make saturated salts
  5. allow rest to dry on windowsill/dab dry
48
Q

What is the initial method to titration?

A
  1. rinse conical flask with water
  2. rinse burette flask with solution
  3. use a pipette to measure the known volume
  4. record initial volume in burette (of excess substance)
  5. add a few drops of indicator in flask
  6. swirl conical flask in between additions
  7. add drop wise towards end, then record volume in burette
  8. repeat until concordant values are reached
49
Q

How do you make a pure salt from titration (having already found concordant results)?

A
  1. mix know and determined volumes of acid and base
  2. do not use indicator
  3. boil off half the water from the salt solution
  4. allow rest to evaporate
  5. filter off excess liquid/dab dry/leave on windowsill
50
Q

What is the equation relating moles, concentration and volume?

A

Moles = vol x conc

51
Q

How do you conduct a flame test?

A

platinum wire (high melting point and unreactive). cleaned using acid, then used to pick up solid to be held in blue bunsen

52
Q

Lithium flame test:

A

red

53
Q

Sodium flame test:

A

yellow

54
Q

potassium flame test:

A

lilac

55
Q

calcium flame test:

A

orange/red

56
Q

copper (II) flame test:

A

blue/green

57
Q

How do you test for cations?

A

add sodium hydroxide

58
Q

In the test for cations what colour precipitate does copper produce?

A

light blue

59
Q

In the test for cations what colour precipitate does iron (II) produce?

A

dark green

60
Q

In the test for cations what colour precipitate does iron (III) produce?

A

dark orange

61
Q

How can you create a test for ammonium?

A

add sodium hydroxide to ammonium chloride, gently warm, gas turns damp red litmus paper blue.

62
Q

How can you test for carbonates?

A

add dilute HCl, CO2 should be produced, test using limewater

63
Q

How can you test for sulphates?

A

add HCl then Barium chloride. should produce white precipitate

64
Q

How can you test for halides?

A

add nitric acid then silver nitrate

65
Q

What is the positive result when testing for chloride?

A

white ppt

66
Q

What is the positive result when testing for bromide?

A

cream ppt

67
Q

What is the positive result when testing for iodide?

A

yellow ppt

68
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

members of a homologous series have the same general formula, trends in physical properties and similar chemical properties

69
Q

What are the four possible products of incomplete combustion?

A

carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon and water

70
Q

How can high temperatures in car engines lead to acid rain?

A

Nitrogen and oxygen are able to react to form nitrogen monoxide, which can further react to form nitrogen dioxide, which when reacted with water, forms nitric acid/rain.

71
Q

What are the fractions in fractional distillation called from bottom to top?

A

Bitumen, Fuel Oil, Diesel, Kerosene, Gasoline, Refinery Gas

72
Q

What happens when ethanol reacts with potassium dichromate (VI)?

A

a carboxylic acid is produced

73
Q

What is the general formula of carboxylic acids?

A

CnH2nO2

74
Q

carboxylic acid + metal –>

A

salt + hydrogen

75
Q

carboxylic acid + metal carbonate –>

A

salt + water + carbon dioxide

76
Q

carboxylic acid + alcohol –>

A

ester + water

77
Q

How can you prepare a sample of an ester?

A

add ethanol and ethnic acid to sulphuric acid. place in hot water bath and cover in cling film for ten mins. pour contents into sodium carbonate. will be visible as oily droplets

78
Q

What are three methods of disposal for polymers?

A

landfill, incineration, recycling

Mocks 2022 - Chemistry (1 decks)

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