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Mocks 2022 - Biology > Don't Know > Flashcards

Don't Know Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

The genetic information that determines the structure and function of a cell.

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2
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A single strand of DNA

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3
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

a sequence of nucleic acids

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4
Q

Define DNA:

A

a large biomolecule made up of a sequence of nucleic acids that forms a digital code for making a protein

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5
Q

Describe the four steps in transcription:

A
  1. RNA polymerase binds to a region of non-coding DNA in the front of gene
  2. The two DNA strands unzip and the RNA polymerase moves along one of the strands of DNA
  3. It uses coding DNA in the gene as a template to make mRNA. Base pairing ensures the mRNA is complementary to gene
  4. mRNA then moves out of nucleus and joins up with ribosome in cytoplasm.
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6
Q

Describe the 4 step process of translation:

A
  1. Amino acid are brought to ribosome by tRNA.
  2. The order in which the amino acids are brought to the ribosome matches the order of codons on mRNA
  3. Part of the tRNA’s structure called the anticodon is complementary to the codon for the amino acid ensuring the amino acids are brought to ribosome in correct order
  4. The amino acids are joined together making a protein.
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7
Q

What are two features of asexual reproduction?

A

no variation, does not depend on production of gametes

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8
Q

What are two features of sexual reproduction?

A

genetic variation, haploid gametes required

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9
Q

What is mitosis used for?

A

growth, tissue repair and asexual reproduction

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10
Q

What is meiosis used for?

A

to create haploid gametes

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11
Q

Define genetic variation:

A

The differences in the sequence of bases of a gene between species or between individuals of the same species.

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12
Q

What is genetic mutation?

A

The alteration of a sequence of bases in DNA that may or may not altar the amino acid sequence.

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13
Q

What is the order of organisation in all living things?

A

Atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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14
Q

Define organelle:

A

small part of cell that has specific function

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15
Q

Define tissue:

A

Group of specialised cells that have the same function

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16
Q

Define organ:

A

A group of tissues in a living organism that have adapted to carry out the same function

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17
Q

Define organ system:

A

Group of organs that carry out specific functions

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18
Q

Define osmosis:

A

The movement of water molecules from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential across a semi-permeable membrane.

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19
Q

What are two palisade cell adaptations?

A

located at top of leaf, lots of chloroplasts

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20
Q

What is the function of stomach acid?

A

Kills bacteria and creates optimum Ph

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21
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Breaks down stomach acid and neutralises it. Also emulsifies fats to increase the SA.

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22
Q

Function of mouth

A

mechanical digestion

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23
Q

function of oesophagus

A

peristalsis

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24
Q

function of salivary gland

A

produce saliva containing amylase

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25
Q

function of stomach

A

Muscular organ where chemical digestion occurs

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26
Q

function of pancreas

A

produces enzymes

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27
Q

function of liver

A

produces bile

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28
Q

function of gall bladder

A

stores bile

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29
Q

function of duodenum

A

where food is mixed with enzymes and bile

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30
Q

function of illeum

A

where digested food is absorbed into blood

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31
Q

function of colon

A

where water is reabsorbed

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32
Q

function of rectum

A

where faeces is stored

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33
Q

location and action of amylase

A

mouth + pancreas (breaks starch into maltose)

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34
Q

location and acton of maltase

A

small intestine (breaks down maltose into glucose)

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35
Q

location and action of protease

A

stomach + pancreas (breaks down protein into amino acids)

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36
Q

location and action of lipase

A

pancreas (breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol)

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37
Q

What are three villi adaptations

A

large SA, thin walls, good blood supply

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38
Q

Define transpiration:

A

Water evaporation from the leaf causing the movement of water through the plant

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39
Q

What does the xylem transport?

A

water and dissolved minerals

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40
Q

What does the phloem transport?

A

sucrose and amino acids

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41
Q

Describe the six steps of the water pathway:

A
  1. water from soil enters plant through root hair cells via osmosis
  2. moves to root cortex cell via osmosis
  3. moves to xylem via osmosis
  4. water moves up xylem towards leaf via transpiration stream
  5. water moves from xylem into mesophyll cells by osmosis
  6. water evaporates into spades in spongey mesophyll layer, followed by diffusion of water vapour through stomata
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42
Q

what is the transpiration stream?

A

The removal of water from the leaf producing a tension from above creating a water potential gradient in the xylem drawing cohesive water molecules up the plant.

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43
Q

Define a hormone:

A

a chemical messenger that moves through the blood that changes the behaviour of another organ

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44
Q

what are the basic three steps of how hormones work?

A

released from gland, travel through blood to target cell, target cells change behaviour

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45
Q

function of testosterone:

A

stimulate growth of secondary characteristics

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46
Q

function of adrenaline:

A

stimulates the body cells causing release of energy

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47
Q

function of insulin:

A

controls blood sugar levels

48
Q

define homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a constant internal environment (despite changes in the external environment)

49
Q

define negative feedback:

A

a change in the internal environment that starts a process that returns the conditions to normal

50
Q

What is thermal regulation?

A

balancing the heat generated and heat lost from the body

51
Q

What are four ways in which heat can be lost or gained?

A

radiation, convection, conduction, evaporation

52
Q

what is radiation:

A

the emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero.

53
Q

what is convection:

A

transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface

54
Q

what is conduction:

A

direct transfer of thermal radiation between molecules of objects in direct contact with each other

55
Q

what is evaporation:

A

removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some molecules as a gas

56
Q

what are three things your body does when you are hot?

A

vasodilation, sweat, hairs lie flat

57
Q

what are three things your body does when you are cold?

A

vasoconstriction, hairs on end, shiver

58
Q

What are three ways tho body loses water?

A

faeces, urination, sweating, breathing

59
Q

name three functions of the kidney:

A

removal of urea, adjustment of salt levels, adjustment of water content

60
Q

What are two processes that occur in the nephron?

A

ultrafiltration, reabsorption

61
Q

What is the four step process to ultrafiltration?

A
  • blood from renal artery flows through glomerulus
  • a high pressure is built up squeezing water, urea, ions and glucose out of the blood and into the Bowman’s capsule
  • the membranes between the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule act as filters. Big molecules are NOT squeezed out (blood cells, proteins)
  • the filtered liquid is known as the glomerulus filtrate
62
Q

What is the three step process to reabsorption?

A
  • All glucose is reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubule so it can be used in respiration
  • sufficient ions are reabsorbed
  • water is reabsorbed in the collecting duct
63
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

the balance of water content in the body

64
Q

What does ADH do to the collecting ducts?

A

makes them more permeable

65
Q

Name the four layers in a leaf from top to bottom:

A

upper epidermis, palisade, spongey mesophyll, lower epidermis

66
Q

What are four leaf adaptations?

A

stomata, thin leaf shape (decreased diffusion distance), spongey mesophyll layer is moist and has large SA because of air spaces.

67
Q

How can you test for starch in a variegated plant?

A
  1. place leaf in hot water to melt waxy cuticle
  2. transfer leaf to ethanol to remove colour/chlorophyll
  3. add to hot water bath
  4. rinse and cool leaf
  5. place iodine on it, observe colour change
68
Q

name four minerals needed by plants:

A

phosphate, magnesium, potassium, nitrate

69
Q

What is magnesium needed for in plants?

A

photosynthesis/chlorophyll

70
Q

What are nitrate ions needed for in plants?

A

growth and enzymes

71
Q

What is the carpel made of?

A

stigma and style

72
Q

What is the stamen made of?

A

filament and anther

73
Q

Define pollination:

A

transfer of pollen form the anther of one flower to the stigma of another

74
Q

Five differences between insect and wind:

A

scent, colour, nectary, pollen, anther positioning, sticky vs, feathery stigma

75
Q

What is the colour change of hydrogen carbonate indicator from high conc CO2 to low conc?

A

yellow - orange - purple

76
Q

What are the six steps to fertilisation?

A
  • pollen tube grows down style due to enzymes secreted by the tip
  • male gamete travels down tube to to ovule
  • male gamete enters through micropyle
  • then fuses with nucleus of female gamete
  • zygote is formed
77
Q

What does the ovule turn into after fertilisation?

A

seed

78
Q

Why is water need for seed germination?

A

soften testa and activate enzymes to break down food store to release energy.
starch —amylase–> maltose
maltose—maltase—> glucose

79
Q

What three conditions are needed for germination and why?

A

warmth: optimum enzyme funciton
water - activate enzymes, soften testa
oxygen - aerobic respiration to release energy for growth and germination

80
Q

What are a plants responses to stimuli called

A

tropisms

81
Q

how do auxins work?

A

distributes away from light via diffusion and accumulates in shaded part of stem causing cell elongation on dark side

82
Q

How is bronchitis caused? + effects

A

Sticky mucus in lungs traps pathogens and is normally swept away by cilia. Hot cigarette smoke and chemicals paralyses the cilia leading to a smokers cough and bronchitis.

83
Q

How is emphysema caused? + effects

A

smoke damages the walls of the alveoli meaning the air spaces are larger than normal, reducing efficiency of gas exchange. this causes difficulty breathing.

84
Q

What is respiration?

A

the production of energy/ATP from organic molecules

85
Q

what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans?

A

glucose –> lactic acid (+energy)

86
Q

what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?

A

glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide + water

87
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

to produce antigens that bind to and neutralise pathogens

88
Q

What is CHD caused by?

A

deposited fat and cholesterol in coronary arteries

89
Q

What are 4 features of arteries?

A

small lumen, thick wall, no valves, high BP

90
Q

Do veins have valves?

A

yes

91
Q

Describe the primary immune response:

A
  1. lymphocytes produce antibodies that aim to be complementary to the antigens on the pathogen
  2. some lymphocytes may become memory cells
  3. antibodies cause pathogens to stick together, making them easy as a target for destruction by pathogens
92
Q

Describe the secondary immune response:

A
  1. memory cells will have stayed in blood stream and recognised the pathogen quickly
  2. therefore antibodies can be produced quicker and in higher quantities
93
Q

What are the 5 stages of circulation?

A
  1. blood enters atria - tri and bicuspid valves are still sealed
  2. atria walls contract increasing BP forces valves open and blood into ventricle
  3. when ventricles are full they contract, causing high BP, meaning try and bi cuspid valves close
  4. ventricles continue to contract pushing valves open and blood into arteries
  5. valves close again when BP gets higher in arteries than in ventricles
94
Q

What are the 4 functions of the circulatory system?

A

provide oxygen to cells for respiration, remove CO2, transport nutrients from gut, transport urea to kidneys

95
Q

define community:

A

All the organisms present in an ecosystem

96
Q

Define population

A

All the organisms of one species found in a particular area

97
Q

define ecosystem:

A

All the organisms living in a particular area and the non-living components that the organisms interact with

98
Q

define habitat:

A

The place where an organism lives

99
Q

What are the five greenhouse gases?

A

Carbon dioxide, water vapour, nitrous oxides, methane, CFCs

100
Q

Name four effects of global warming:

A

sea level rise, extreme weather, species go extinct, coral bleaching

101
Q

What are three effects of deforestation?

A

trees usually burnt releasing CO2, disruption to carbon cycle, destruction of habitats

102
Q

How do greenhouse gases work?

A

greenhouse gases absorb more of the solar radiation that is reflected back from the Earth’s surface - trapping heat and keeping it in the atmosphere.

103
Q

Describe eutrophication:

A
  1. fertilisers leach the soil into the waterways
  2. algae blooms due to accelerated growth by fertilisers
  3. no sunlight can reach the aquatic plants, meaning less photosynthesis occurs, and less oxygen is produced
  4. plants die and get broken down by decomposers. increased respiration by decomposers reduces oxygen further
  5. aquatic life dies
104
Q

How is the information in the nerve cells transmitted?

A

nerve impulses

105
Q

define a neurone:

A

a single cell of the nervous system

106
Q

define a nerve:

A

a group of axons of many neurones

107
Q

Describe the reflex arc:

A

when stimulus is detected by receptors, nerve impulse is sent along sensory neurone to CNS. In CNS sensory neutron passes message onto relay neurone. Relay neurones relay the impulse to motor neurone. Muscle then contracts.

108
Q

what is the function of the conjunctiva?

A

lubricates and protects surface of eye

109
Q

what is the cornea?

A

the tough outer layer of the eye

110
Q

what is the function of the lens?

A

allows the light to be focused on retina

111
Q

what is the function of the optic nerve?

A

it carries impulses from the receptor to the brain

112
Q

What happens in the eye when looking at distant objects?

A

ciliary muscles relax, pulling suspensory ligaments tight, making lens go thin and refract light less

113
Q

What is neurotransmitter?

A

chemical substance that transfers a message from one neurone to another

114
Q

What are the five steps of an impulse travelling across a synapse?

A
  1. impulse moves down axon towards terminal
  2. vesicles containing NT moves towards pre SM
  3. NT is released into synapse and diffuses across post SM
  4. NT binds onto receptor on the post SM
  5. when enough receptors have NT, a new impulse is generated on the post SM.
  6. NT can then be broken down by enzymes
115
Q

What are the three steps to oogenesis?

A

follicle –> ovulation –> corpus luteum

Mocks 2022 - Biology (1 decks)

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