Domains of Neuropsychological Function Flashcards
Intelligence: Important Theories
Spearman (1904) - general-factor theory states that all abilities share a general factor (G factor) in common, and a global IQ score summarizes these
Catell-Horn-Carroll (1993) - fluid intelligence vs crystallized intelligence
Carroll’s Three-Stratum Theory - broadly there are multiple distinct intelligences (8 broad, 70 more narrow)
Attention/Concentration and Processing Speed
Multiple theories exist (eg., spotlight, filter, capacity, automatic vs. effortful, top-down vs. bottom-up, etc.)
Taxonomy of Attention
Simple - Voluntary; capacity; attention to information that is lost if not rehearsed (e.g., Digit Span)
Focused - Ability to allocate and direct attention that is dependent on capacity (e.g., Coding)
Selective - Process by which one chooses some info from amidst other surrounding info/distractors (e.g., Cancellation)
Sustained (Vigilance/Conc.) - Maintaining attention over period of time (e.g., continuous performance)
Alternating - Shifting one’s attention back and forth (e.g., Trails B)
Divided - Concentrating on more than one task at a time, multi-tasking (e.g., Paced Serial Attention)
Processing Speed
Speed at which mental activities are performed and is a prominent feature of the brain’s cognitive efficiency, affecting attention as well as other higher-order cognitive processes
Dependent on neural transmission and integrity and volume of white matter making up cortico-cortical connections
Other important brain regions include basal ganglia, frontal regions (DLPFC), and cerebellum
Attention: role of Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)
Arousal and attention
Attention: role of Anterior Cingulate (and Limbic System)
Determines saliency of stimuli and associated emotion/motivation
Attention: role of Prefrontal region
Response selection, control, sustained attention, focus, switching, searching, and alternating attention
Attention: role of Orbitofrontal region
Inhibition or responses; sustained attention
Attention: role of Dorsolateral Frontal region
Inhibition or responses; sustained attention; shifting attention
Attention: role of Medial Frontal region
Motivation; consistency of responding; focused attention
Attention: role of Thalamus
Pulvinar Nuclei - Extracting info from the target location and filtering distractors
Superior Colliculus - Shifting attention; eye movements
Inferior Colliculus - Orientation to auditory stimuli
Attention: role of Inferior and Posterior Parietal
Underlies disengagement from a stimulus and the representation of space; damage is associated with hemispatial inattention/neglect
Attention: role of Right Hemisphere
Spatial attention; appreciation of the gestalt; associated with hemispatial inattention/neglect
Associated Disorders of Attention
Delirium, ADHD, hemispatial inattention/neglect, TBI
Others: depression, anxiety, fatigue, poor sleep, environmental factors, medication, etc.
Language, 4 components
Phonology - speech sounds
Syntax - rules of word/sentence structure
Semantics - meaning of words, phrases, sentences
Pragmatics - appropriateness of communication; social aspects
Areas of Assessment for Aphasia
-Spontaneous Speech (conversational speech)
-Comprehension
-Repetition
-Word finding
-Naming
-Reading and writing
Broca’s Aphasia
-Spontaneous Speech - Nonfluent
-Comprehension - Intact
-Repetition - Impaired
-Naming - Limited
-Reading - Limited
-Writing - Impaired
Wernicke’s Aphasia
-Spontaneous Speech - Fluent
-Comprehension - Impaired
-Repetition - Impaired
-Naming - Impaired
-Reading - Impaired
-Writing - Impaired
Conduction Aphasia
-Spontaneous Speech - Fluent
-Comprehension - Intact
-Repetition - Impaired
-Naming - Impaired
-Reading - Intact
-Writing -Impaired
Global Aphasia
-Spontaneous Speech - Nonfluent
-Comprehension - Impaired
-Repetition - Impaired
-Naming - Impaired
-Reading - Impaired
-Writing -Impaired
Anomic Aphasia
-Spontaneous Speech - Fluent, empty
-Comprehension - Intact
-Repetition - Intact
-Naming - Impaired
-Reading - Intact
-Writing -Impoverished content
Subcortical Aphasia
-Spontaneous Speech - Fluent or nonfluent
-Comprehension - Intact
-Repetition - Intact
-Naming - Impaired
-Reading - Intact or impaired
-Writing - Intact or impaired
Transcortical Motor Aphasia
-Spontaneous Speech - Nonfluent
-Comprehension - Intact
-Repetition - Intact
-Naming - Limited
-Reading - Intact
-Writing - Impaired
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
-Spontaneous Speech - Fluent, echolalic
-Comprehension - Impaired
-Repetition - Intact
-Naming - Impaired
-Reading - Impaired
-Writing - Impaired
Transcortical Mixed Aphasia
-Spontaneous Speech - Nonfluent, echolalic
-Comprehension - Impaired
-Repetition - Intact
-Naming - Impaired
-Reading - Impaired
-Writing -Impaired
Nonlangauge auditory processing syndrome: Auditory Agnosia
inability to recognize the meaning of nonverbal environmental sounds or music
Sounds - usually associated with bilateral lesions to primary auditory cortex
Music - usually associated with lesion in the right or bilateral temporal lobes
Nonlangauge auditory processing syndrome: Aprosodias
Disorder of prosody, 2 types:
expressive - inability to properly convey the inflection and tonal quality of emotion
receptive - difficulty interpreting emotional prosody, rhythm, pitch, stress, intonation, etc. (inability to recognize sarcasm)
Visuospatial Processing: Ventral and Dorsal
Ventral (“What”) - identifies form of visual stimuli (color, objects, faces, letters)
Dorsal (“Where”) - spatial relationships; locating and analysis of objects in space
Visual Object Agnosia
involves the inability to visually recognize and appreciate the meaning or character of an object
Apperceptive agnosia - inability to perceive visual objects
Associative agnosia - inability to recognize visual objects
Prosopagnosia
inability to recognize, identify, or re-visualize holistic face representation of familiar or unfamiliar people
Color agnosia
inability to recognize colors, even though ability to discriminate between colors is intact
Constructional Apraxia
loss or impairment of the abilities to carry out purposeful movements (apraxia) that signals the inability to construct shapes and geometric designs or assemble block arrangements (constructional)
Neuroanatomical findings: usually frontal and parietal systems; right or left hemisphere, but more commonly with right parietal and bilateral parietal lobe regions
Dressing Apraxia
form of constructional apraxia; due to difficulty localizing objects in space, refers to isolated disturbance in dressing
Neuroanatomical findings: usually implies a lesion in the right parietal-occipital region
Achromatopsia
impairment in color perception, cannot see colors (‘black and white world’)
Neuroanatomical findings: either unilateral or bilateral, involving posterior medial regions and the calcarine cortex more on the left than right
Spatial Acalculia
(not always spatial) acquired deficit in calculation from spatial confusion
Neuroanatomical findings: subsumed by the right parietal lobe
Stopped on pg 74
too tired
