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biology 107 > domains of life > Flashcards

domains of life Flashcards

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1
Q

define prokaryotes. what are their characteristics? (5) (not well supported but still used as a group)

A
  • A general grouping of organisms
  • “before nucleus”
  • Lacks a membrane bound nucleus
  • Lack many specialized cell structures (organelles)
  • Contain domain bacteria and domain Archaea
  • Archaea grow in harsher environment
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2
Q

define Eukaryotes. what are their major characteristics? (2)

A

• A general grouping of organisms that have a nucleus (karyon)
• Contain cell organelles
• Organism in common groups of protists, plants, fungi, and animals
•

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3
Q

what domain are prokaryotic? what size are they?

A

Bacteria and archaea.
most = 1-10um diam.
Smaller

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4
Q

describe genomic DNA of prokaryotes? do they have membrane bound organelles?

A

single loop, no histones (exception=Archaea)
no nuclear membrane
none

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5
Q

what domain are eukaryotic? size?

A

Eukarya (protists, fungi, plants, animals)
most = 10-100um diam.
Larger

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6
Q

describe genomic DNA of Eukaryotes. membrane bound organelles?

A

linear chromosomes, histones
nuclear membrane
Many (mitochondria,E.R., chloroplasts, golgi, etc.)

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7
Q

describe cytoskeleton and cell wall of prokaryotes

A

> Different proteins
Domain Bacteria-
Peptidoglycan in most (Domain Archaea lack this)

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8
Q

describe ribosome type and cell division of prokaryotes.

A

70S

Binary fission

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9
Q

what shape are prokaryotes?

A

cocci, bacilli, or helical

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10
Q

describe flagella, cillia, and sexual reproduction of prokaryotes.

A

simple flagella (flagellin protein)
no cilia
no meiosis, transfer of DNA fragments (conjugation)

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11
Q

describe cytoskeleton and cell wall of eukaryotes

A

> Present (microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments)
May be absent (animal cells) when occurs = simple structure (cellulose, chitin)

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12
Q

describe ribosome type and cell division of eukaryotes.

A

> 80S (70S in some organelles)

>Mitotis: meiosis

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13
Q

describe shapes of eukaryotes

A

Varied

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14
Q

describe flagella, cillia, and sexual reproduction of eukaryotes.

A

> complex flagella and cilia
(9 + 2 microtubules)
Meiosis and fusion of
haploid nuclei

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15
Q

what is peptidoglycan?

A

• Peptide and sugar mixture cell wall is made from

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16
Q

• What is a phylogeny?

A

Phylogeny, the history of the evolution of a species or group, especially in reference to lines of descent and relationships among broad groups of organisms. (tree diagram)

17
Q

• What are some general characteristics of Domain Bacteria?(4)

A
  • Mostly lack internal cell organelles
  • Antient lineage (with diverse evolution metabolically)
  • Important roll in ecological decomposition
  • Contain peptidoglycan in cell wall (some have lost it)
18
Q

describe the shapes used to describe bacteria

A 
o	Cocci (singular Cocus): circular, singular
o	Bacilli (singular Bacillus): singular, staff and rod shaped 
o	Spiralla (Spiral): spiral and singular
19
Q

do bacteria have cell organelles? do all have peptidoglycan?

A

• not usually

• Do all Bacteria have peptidoglycan?
diagnostic but some have lost it

20
Q

• As humans, do we contain healthy bacteria and unhealthy bacteria? What are some of the roles in our human health?

A
  • Yes, roughly 6 pounds. Healthy bacteria keep the unhealthy bacteria in check.
  • They play a key role in our health
21
Q

• What are the general characteristics of Domain Archaea? (6)

A
  • Found in more extreme environments
  • Found widely in the ocean
  • Grouped into: methanogens, thermophiles, halophiles
  • Lack peptidoglycan
  • Know very little about this group
  • Bright colors/ pigments
22
Q

define the groups of domain archaea

A

o Methanogens: archaea that grow under high methane conditions. Ie: sediments of swamps, sewage and GI tracks
o Thermophiles: grow under high temps ie hot springs
o Halophiles: grow under high salt conditions ie the dead sea

23
Q

what are some general characteristics of domain Eukarya?

A
  • Found widely across our planet
  • Contains a membrane bound nucleus
  • Contain organelles (compartmentalization)
  • Lacks peptidoglycan (use other substances in cell walls)
24
Q

define compartmentalization

A

• Division into categories ie formation of compartments with organelles

25
Q

define cell and cell membrane

A

o Cell: structural and functional unit of life or the smallest unit carrying on the functions of life. “the building blocks of life”. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

o Cell membrane: lipid molecules assembled into a bilayer containing the cell (a cell membrane or plasma membrane).

26
Q

define DNA and RNA

A

o DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid. Genetic system based on dna.

o RNA: system of information transfer (DNA to RNA to protein)

27
Q

mRNA and tRNA

A

o Messenger RNA (mRNA): system of protein assembly using messenger RNA and TRNA

o Transfer RNA (tRNA): lInk between MRNA and amino acid sequence of proteins
o Reliance on proteins as a major structural and catalytic molecule

28
Q

describe ATP and glycolysis

A

o ATP: used as the molecule of chemical energy

o Glycolysis: breakdown of glucose to make ATP

29
Q

what are the seven properties common to all cells?

A

1. cellular organization

30
Q

define life

A

o Life: a set of properties or a list of characteristics

31
Q

define metabolism

A

o Metabolism: the biochemical reactions that allow a cell or organism to extract energy

32
Q

define irritable and homeostasis

A

o Irritable: having the property of responding actively to stimuli

o Homeostasis: an organism’s process of maintaining a stable internal environment suitable for sustaining life

33
Q

define evolution

A

o Evolution: gradual change in the characteristics of animals or plants over successive generations

34
Q

• What are the 7 properties of life?

A

1. Displays order-arrangement

biology 107 (5 decks)

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