Domain Two - Non-Written and Written Communication Flashcards
Noun
Person, place, or thing
Pronoun
Substitute for a noun
I, you, she, someone, nothing, which
Verb
Action, occurrence, or a state of being
Adjective
describe, qualify, limit, restrict the meaning to a noun or pronoun
Adverb
Modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb
Very, rather, quickly, quite, easily, carefully
Subject-verb agreement errors
Occurs when the verb(s) that refers to a noun(s) in the sentence doesn’t agree in singular or plural number and gender
Focus on the verb(s); plural subject/verb; singular subject/verb
Example/ here on the table is an apple and three pears (subject) an apple and three pears, (verb) is
Verb: is → are
Noun-pronoun agreement errors
Errors when nouns that refer to other nouns in a sentence don’t agree in singular or plural number
Pronouns must agree with the noun, verb, or pronoun that they are used in place of
Pronoun-antecedent errors
Error occurs when the number of the pronoun doesn’t agree with the antecedent (word to which the pronoun refers)
Parallel sentence structure
Basic rule: 2+ linked constructs, they must have the same grammar construction
Ex/ he likes swimming, biking, and to run (running is correct)
Dangling or misplaced modifiers
Dangling: intro phrase that doesn’t clearly/logically refer to a subsequent modifier, usually the subject,
Example- strolling (dangling) along the beach, a wave drenched us. → while we were strolling, a wave drenched us. ** the wave was not strolling
Misplaced: placed too close to a word that it shouldn’t modify
Example- Ann prepared a roast for the family that was served burned(misplaced). → Ann served a burned roast to the family. ** the family wasnt burned the roast was
Commas
Signal pauses
- before coordinating conjunction in a compound sentence (, but)
- set off intro or interrupting words/phrases (safe in the house, …)
- separate a series of words or word groups (diet, exercise, and rest…)
- Set off nonessential clauses/phrases (nonrestrictive) that are descriptive, but not necessary for meaning (kimberly, who dislikes school,…)
- set off appositives (2nd noun or noun equivalents that give more info about a preceding noun (Mr. Alejandro, a teacher,…)
Semicolons
Separate elements of equal power of meaning ; two or more words, phrases, or sentences that connect closely related ideas
** never separate a main clause from a subordinate clause or a word/phrase from a clause
- separate main clauses when no coordinating conjunction (Ask Joe for the book; he still has it.)
- separate items in a series when there are commas within the items (Dora‘s dress was red, blue, and green; Lucy‘s was lilac and white; and Helens was black, turquoise, and white.)
Apostrophes
Used to show omission of a letter or letters in a contraction; also to show possession
- it’s, i’ve, i’m, don’t,
- possession of singular nouns by adding -‘s (This is the student’s term paper →one student wrote the paper)
- possession of plural nouns by adding -s’ (this is the students’ term paper → multiple students wrote one paper)
- plural noun ends in s, just add apostrophe to the s (these are the students’ term papers → more than one student wrote more than one paper)
Capitalization
- 1st letter of the 1st word of a sentence
- Proper nouns and titles
- Capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound proper noun
- North (direction) not capitalized; but when a name, such as a region, it is (Northwest)
- First word in a quote if it is a complete sentence or a direct quote
First stage of the writing process
Prewriting
- Task: motivation for writing
- Purpose: function of essay
- Audience: intended audience and their expectations
Methods:
- note taking (listing, free-writing, mapping, charting, bulleting): brainstorming ideas To compile words and phrases about the topic; all ideas are acceptable at this point and neatness/ spelling dont matter; cross out any ideas that won’t be used; add any other detail or thought at the end
- outlining: clearly organizing the main idea and connecting supporting details and examples by arranging the order that they will be presented; visually shows the difference between main ideas, supporting ideas, and minor points; formal outlines are not always necessary, most of the time an introduction, body(discussion), and conclusion(summary) will suffice
- graphic organizers: visual representation of initial brainstorming; two main - clustering: main idea
In center of the page in a circle and cluster related ideas around the main, add supporting semtences to sub-ideas, then look for patterns/ themes and number them at the end in the order they’d be presented; venn diagram: two overlapping circles representing two viewpoints with interconnected ideas in the center, then number them based on importance
Second stage of the writing process
Writing (drafting)
Putting the concepts from prewriting into sentences/paragraphs without thought on editing
Usually a 3-5 paragraph model (one- intro, two- first supporting point, three- second supporting point, four- third supporting point, five- conclusion)
Third stage of the writing process
Revising (rewriting)
Modifying wording/ rearranging ideas or paragraphs, paying special attention to clarity, organization, and logical development
Time for major changes and corrections
Fourth stage of the writing process
Editing (proofreading)
Final stage of reevaluation ; minor changes/ finetuning
Pay special attention to mechanical and diction errors (spelling, punctuation, grammar, capitalization), sentence structure errors, and bibliographic reference errors
Fifth stage of the writing process
Publishing (submitting your paper)
This is when graphic illustrations, copyright references, or pictures are added and then the essay should be bound or electronically transmitted
Paragraph unity
Paragraph= Cohesive thought unit, one topic = one paragraph
Topic sentence → definitions and supporting ideas → final sentence
Active voice
conveys clarity and strength; subject performs the action, not receives it
Active: Marcella posted a message on Twitter.
Passive: A message was posted on Twitter by Marcella.
Word choice (diction)
Should be concise statements that convey overall tone
Transitional words and phrases
Continue flow of ideas and moves the reader towards a new one
Example: first, in addition, another, also,finally
Context
Sense of appropriateness for different writing situations
Dictates appropriate tone as well as vocab, organization, etc
Argument writing
Essays/ research papers
Try to convince the reader something is true by:
- Stating an issue, problem, or topic
- Investigating the issue by conducting research
- Evaluating the issue to establish a position or claim
- Providing substantive support with relevant evidence, sound reasoning, and logic that defends the position
** rooted in convincing people with evidence (logos)
Informative writing
Explanatory writing (essays)
Purpose: inform, explain, clarify, describe, or define a subject
Explain unbiased information - no opinion! Usually in 3rd person, provide sound information and explanations while giving accurate and complete examples; drawn from primary and secondary sources combined with personal observations and experiences to provide evidence that supports the conclusion
Examples - literary analysis, resumes, instruction manuals, business letters, summaries, and historical reports
Narrative writing
Expressive/creative writing (essay)
Provides entertainment, info, or instruction; tells real or imaginary stories drawn from personal thoughts/ experiences; presented in a storylike fashion that builds to climax; often includes a timeline and appeals to the senses using details
Narrative Examples - stories, autobiographies, anecdotes, and memoirs
Creative examples - poems, plays, fables, and myths
Idiolect
Particular variety of a language used by an indiv speaker/writer which may be marked by peculiarities of vocab, grammar, and pronunciation
Effective speech presentation
- eye contact (good- makes eye contact, scans audience; bad- looks down, looks over the heads of the audience, addresses just one member and/or one section of the audience)
 - volume/ tone of voice (good- volume is clear and suitable for the audience and venue, modulates their volume at appropriate points in the delivery to engage the audience)
 - Pacing and clarity (good- enunciate clearly uses a natural pace that is governed by syntax and content; bad- words slurred, running together, use “um”, “ah”, “like”)
- hand gestures (effective- proper use of when and how to effectively use hand gestures; poor- hands in pocket, playing with hair, fidgeting)
- Posture (good- squarely face the audience with a natural stance; bad- shift their weight, stand askew, lean informally or lean on a podium)
- Visual aids
- bias and stereotyping (good- sensitive to reducing bias and stereotyping, avoid inaccurate, demeaning, or discriminating language, aware of audience differences, respectful of the audience and use appropriate language/tone
Collecting data
Process of gathering info, facts, and evidence from authoritative research sources
- Focus on the topic
- Run a key word search
- Scan authoritative references
- Know the difference between a reference list (alphabetical list of all direct or indirect citations used in a research paper **must be cited in text) and a bibliography (alphabetical list of all sources that were used to influence the writer even if indirectly quoted)
- Know the difference between primary and secondary sources
Documenting in-text citations
- Direct quote, indirect quotes, and paraphrased content
- Direct quotes with less than 40 words: quotation marks around exact words of author
- Direct quotes with more than 40: separate quote from text, double space, indent about five spaces and type in single spaced
- Direct quotes changing wording: use brackets to show what words have been changed; … signals words omitted
Documenting reference citations
Author, title, place of publication, publishing company, date of publication, volume, page number
Plot
Storyline
Setting
The context of the story
Mood
The feeling that the text creates
Theme
Central topic, subject or message of the narrative
Characterization (protagonist/antagonist)
Protagonist: main character of the story, drives the story forward
Antagonist: primary foe of the protagonist
Conflict (external/ internal)
External conflict: something happening outside such as a fight
Internal conflict: something happening inside such as depression
Point of view
The perspective that the story is being told from
Figurative language
Words and phrases that mean more than they appear on the surface level; not literal; metaphors and similies
Predictable patterns
Tropes that are common in stories like fairy tales or myths
Allegory
Character, place, or event holds hidden meaning of moral or political significance
Short stories
2,000-10,000 words (myths, mysteries, satire, allegories, etc)
- Exposition: the introduction of setting, main characters, and conflict
- Rising Action: the events that allow the protagonist to commit to a course of action that will lead to the climax
- Climax: turning point of the story
- Falling Action: Immediately follows the protagonist’s actions in the climax
- Denouement (resolution): the conclusion
Novels
Same literary conventions as a short story, but has more complicated plots and subplots
Examples: picaresque, epistolary, gothic, romantic, realistic, and historical novels
Folktales
Short stories derived from oral traditions
Authors are often not known in this genre
Fairytales, legends of all types, fables, tall tales, and humorous anecdotes
Legends: narratives of creation stories and tribal beginnings; retold as if they’re based on facts
Fairy tales: entirely fictional
Animal Folktales: animal characters are anthropomorphic (have human characteristics)
Myths
Typically have no author, offer models for living through universal narratives and essential truths of the natural world
- what happens to the gods or mythical beings is a reflection of humans on earth
- many cultures use this to explain the creation of the world
- myths of cyclical destruction and creation are paralleled by myths of seasonal death and rebirth
- long-lost golden age of seeming perfection from which humanity has degenerated
- motif of destruction
- origin of fire; relationships between living and dead
Poems
Heightened intensity, often contain some kind of rhythmic pattern
Alliteration
Repetition of usually initial consonant sounds in two or more words or syllables
Analogy
A comparison of similar traits between dissimilar things in order to highlight a point of similarity
Hyperbole
Deliberate exaggeration for effect
Imagery
Words or phrases that appeal to the senses (sight, smell, sound, taste, touch)
Irony
The use of words to suggest the opposite of their intended meaning
Literal language
The actual definition of the word
Metaphor
A figure of speech in which something is described as though it were something else (no like or as)
Personification
The assignment of a human trait to a nonhuman item or characteristic
Simile
Figure of speech that has a direct comparison between unlike things using like or as
Symbol
Usually concrete objects or images that represent abstract ideas
Analyzing poetry
What’s the dramatic situation? What is the structure of the poem? What is the theme of the poem? Is the meaning clear? What is the tone of the poem? What are the important images and figures of speech?
Three levels of reading
Frustrated: Text that is accurately read 89% of the time or less and is comprehended less than 75% of the time
Instructional: Read accurately 90-94% of the time and is comprehended 75-89% of the time
Independent: Read accurately 95% of the time and is comprehended 90-100% of the time
