Domain Two - Non-Written and Written Communication Flashcards
Noun
Person, place, or thing
Pronoun
Substitute for a noun
I, you, she, someone, nothing, which
Verb
Action, occurrence, or a state of being
Adjective
describe, qualify, limit, restrict the meaning to a noun or pronoun
Adverb
Modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb
Very, rather, quickly, quite, easily, carefully
Subject-verb agreement errors
Occurs when the verb(s) that refers to a noun(s) in the sentence doesn’t agree in singular or plural number and gender
Focus on the verb(s); plural subject/verb; singular subject/verb
Example/ here on the table is an apple and three pears (subject) an apple and three pears, (verb) is
Verb: is → are
Noun-pronoun agreement errors
Errors when nouns that refer to other nouns in a sentence don’t agree in singular or plural number
Pronouns must agree with the noun, verb, or pronoun that they are used in place of
Pronoun-antecedent errors
Error occurs when the number of the pronoun doesn’t agree with the antecedent (word to which the pronoun refers)
Parallel sentence structure
Basic rule: 2+ linked constructs, they must have the same grammar construction
Ex/ he likes swimming, biking, and to run (running is correct)
Dangling or misplaced modifiers
Dangling: intro phrase that doesn’t clearly/logically refer to a subsequent modifier, usually the subject,
Example- strolling (dangling) along the beach, a wave drenched us. → while we were strolling, a wave drenched us. ** the wave was not strolling
Misplaced: placed too close to a word that it shouldn’t modify
Example- Ann prepared a roast for the family that was served burned(misplaced). → Ann served a burned roast to the family. ** the family wasnt burned the roast was
Commas
Signal pauses
- before coordinating conjunction in a compound sentence (, but)
- set off intro or interrupting words/phrases (safe in the house, …)
- separate a series of words or word groups (diet, exercise, and rest…)
- Set off nonessential clauses/phrases (nonrestrictive) that are descriptive, but not necessary for meaning (kimberly, who dislikes school,…)
- set off appositives (2nd noun or noun equivalents that give more info about a preceding noun (Mr. Alejandro, a teacher,…)
Semicolons
Separate elements of equal power of meaning ; two or more words, phrases, or sentences that connect closely related ideas
** never separate a main clause from a subordinate clause or a word/phrase from a clause
- separate main clauses when no coordinating conjunction (Ask Joe for the book; he still has it.)
- separate items in a series when there are commas within the items (Dora‘s dress was red, blue, and green; Lucy‘s was lilac and white; and Helens was black, turquoise, and white.)
Apostrophes
Used to show omission of a letter or letters in a contraction; also to show possession
- it’s, i’ve, i’m, don’t,
- possession of singular nouns by adding -‘s (This is the student’s term paper →one student wrote the paper)
- possession of plural nouns by adding -s’ (this is the students’ term paper → multiple students wrote one paper)
- plural noun ends in s, just add apostrophe to the s (these are the students’ term papers → more than one student wrote more than one paper)
Capitalization
- 1st letter of the 1st word of a sentence
- Proper nouns and titles
- Capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound proper noun
- North (direction) not capitalized; but when a name, such as a region, it is (Northwest)
- First word in a quote if it is a complete sentence or a direct quote
First stage of the writing process
Prewriting
- Task: motivation for writing
- Purpose: function of essay
- Audience: intended audience and their expectations
Methods:
- note taking (listing, free-writing, mapping, charting, bulleting): brainstorming ideas To compile words and phrases about the topic; all ideas are acceptable at this point and neatness/ spelling dont matter; cross out any ideas that won’t be used; add any other detail or thought at the end
- outlining: clearly organizing the main idea and connecting supporting details and examples by arranging the order that they will be presented; visually shows the difference between main ideas, supporting ideas, and minor points; formal outlines are not always necessary, most of the time an introduction, body(discussion), and conclusion(summary) will suffice
- graphic organizers: visual representation of initial brainstorming; two main - clustering: main idea
In center of the page in a circle and cluster related ideas around the main, add supporting semtences to sub-ideas, then look for patterns/ themes and number them at the end in the order they’d be presented; venn diagram: two overlapping circles representing two viewpoints with interconnected ideas in the center, then number them based on importance
Second stage of the writing process
Writing (drafting)
Putting the concepts from prewriting into sentences/paragraphs without thought on editing
Usually a 3-5 paragraph model (one- intro, two- first supporting point, three- second supporting point, four- third supporting point, five- conclusion)
Third stage of the writing process
Revising (rewriting)
Modifying wording/ rearranging ideas or paragraphs, paying special attention to clarity, organization, and logical development
Time for major changes and corrections
Fourth stage of the writing process
Editing (proofreading)
Final stage of reevaluation ; minor changes/ finetuning
Pay special attention to mechanical and diction errors (spelling, punctuation, grammar, capitalization), sentence structure errors, and bibliographic reference errors
Fifth stage of the writing process
Publishing (submitting your paper)
This is when graphic illustrations, copyright references, or pictures are added and then the essay should be bound or electronically transmitted
Paragraph unity
Paragraph= Cohesive thought unit, one topic = one paragraph
Topic sentence → definitions and supporting ideas → final sentence
Active voice
conveys clarity and strength; subject performs the action, not receives it
Active: Marcella posted a message on Twitter.
Passive: A message was posted on Twitter by Marcella.
Word choice (diction)
Should be concise statements that convey overall tone
Transitional words and phrases
Continue flow of ideas and moves the reader towards a new one
Example: first, in addition, another, also,finally