Domain One- Physical Science

Question 1

Solids

Answer 1

• characterized by their ability to retain their shape
• relatively incompressible
• melt when heated and vaporize only slightly
• all substances become solid if cooled sufficiently

Examples: rocks, crystals, wood, feather, ice

Question 2

Liquids

Answer 2

• take on the shape of their containers, but cannot be compressed to any significant extent
• volume of a liquid is constant unless evaporation is occurring
• crystallize when chilled sufficiently, while heat causes them to evaporate
• intermediate between the solid and gaseous states with regard to molecular motion and attractive forces between molecules

Example: water, oil, milk, honey

Question 3

Gases

Answer 3

• expand to fill any available space
• a compressible fluid, with its volume determined by the pressure and temperature of the environment
• volume varies inversely with the pressure, a relationship known as Boyle’s Law
• if the pressure increases, the volume decreases; the reverse is true as well

Example: air, helium, steam

Question 4

Sublimation

Answer 4

Allows some elements and compounds to transition from a solid to a gas phase without becoming a liquid
Example: dry ice

Question 5

Deposition

Answer 5

Some gases can transition directly to a solid

Example: frost formation

Question 6

Mass

Answer 6

Amount of matter in a chemical substance; often measured in newtons; in everyday situations, the weight of an object is proportional to its mass

Question 7

Density

Answer 7

Determined by dividing the mass by the volume

Question 8

Hardness

Answer 8

Various properties of matter in the solid phase that give it a high resistance to its shape changing when force is applied

Question 9

Scratch hardness

Answer 9

Resistance to fracture or plastic (permanent) deformation due to friction from a sharp object

Question 10

Indentation hardness

Answer 10

Resistance to plastic (permanent) deformation due to a constant load from a sharp object

Question 11

Rebound hardness

Answer 11

Height of the bounce of an object dropped on the material, related to elasticity

Question 12

Mohs’ scale of hardness

Answer 12

Rates minerals and puts them on a scale from 1 to 10 (1 was the softest and 10 is the hardest) determined by the ability of a harder mineral to scratch a softer mineral

Example: talc = 1, diamond = 10

Question 13

Physical properties

Answer 13

Characteristics that make up the physical composition of a substance

Color, form, electrical conductivity, density

Question 14

Physical Changes

Answer 14

Do not involve changing one substance into another; the state changes, however the molecular composition does not

Question 15

Chemical changes

Answer 15

Occurs when a substance changes into something else; compounds are formed or decomposed; rearrangement of atoms that makes or breaks chemical bonds; typically not reversible

Example: rust

Question 16

Chemical Reactions

Answer 16

Show the number of molecules or formula units of the reactants and products

Question 17

Atoms

Answer 17

Made up of the nucleus (core, center) which is made up of protons (positive charge) and neutrons (no charge); electron clouds contain electrons which have a negative charge and are attracted to protons (orbit one another)

Question 18

Chemical Elements

Answer 18

Composed of only one atom and cannot be separated into different substances except in some instances by radioactive decay or by nuclear reactions; elements are assigned atomic numbers equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of their atoms; each element has a different amount; sum of protons and neutrons gives an average atomic mass for the element

Question 19

Compounds

Answer 19

Formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in a fixed ration

Example H2O

Question 20

Periodic table of elements

Answer 20

Arranges all known elements from left to right and top to bottom in order of increasing atomic number and generally coincide with their increasing atomic mass; rows are groups/families; contains 117 chemical elements (94 occur naturally, the rest have been produced artificially)

Question 21

pH

Answer 21

Measure of acidity or basicity of a solution; not absolute; pure water is neutral (7.0)

Question 22

Litmus

Answer 22

Water-soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens; often absorbed on filter paper; paper becomes a pH indicator; blue paper turns red under acidic conditions and red paper turns blue under basic conditions

Question 23

Mixture

Answer 23

Substance made by combining two or more different materials without a chemical reaction occurring (objects do not bond)

Question 24

Measurement

Question 25

Three Basic Units of the Metric System

Question 26

Motion

Question 27

Velocity

Question 28

Newton’s First Law of Motion

Question 29

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

Question 30

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

Question 31

Gravitation

Question 32

Magnetism

Question 33

Simple Machine

Question 34

Four Classical Simple Machines

Answer 34

1. Lever
2. Pulley (block)
3. Inclined Plane
4. Screw

Question 35

Forms of energy

Question 36

Electricity

Question 37

Electric Circuit

Question 38

Static Electricity

Question 39

Light

Question 40

Nuclear Energy

Question 41

Degrees Celsius

Question 42

Fahrenheit

Question 43

Heat Conduction

Question 44

Thermal Radiation

Question 45

Convection

Question 46

Incandescent Light Bulb

Question 47

Fluorescent Lamp

Question 48

Refraction

Question 49

Optics

Question 50

Reflection

Question 51

Renewable Energy

Question 52

Nonrenewable Energy