Domain One: Disabilities, Challenges, and Assistive Technologies

Question 1

In practice, which theoretical model or models of disability do organisations typically use?

Answer 1

In practice, organisations generally use aspects of multiple models, particularly the social and medical
models.

Question 2

In which theoretical model is disability viewed as the problem of the individual person?

Answer 2

The medical model.

The medical model is presented as viewing disability as a problem of the person, directly caused by disease, trauma, or other health condition which therefore requires sustained medical care provided in the form of individual treatment by professionals.

Question 3

What does the management of disability in the medical model aim at?

Answer 3

Management of the disability is aimed at a ‘cure,’ or the individual’s adjustment and behavioural change that would lead to an ‘almost-cure’ or effective cure in the medical model.

Question 4

If a student using a wheelchair is unable to get into a building because of some steps, what according to the medical model is the reason for this?

Answer 4

The medical model would suggest that this is because of the person’s physical disability, rather than the step.

Question 5

Name the key strengths of the medical model.

Answer 5

Addressing the biological sources of disabilities, either by clinically curing them or providing ways to medically manage conditions. The medical component of disabilities is a critical reality for many people.

Question 6

In which model is overlooking issues caused by unwelcoming or inaccessible environments or “broader sociopolitical constraints including attitudes,
policies and (lack of) regulations.” a key weakness?

Answer 6

The medical model.

Question 7

Which model treats disability as a problem or inherent characteristic of the individual?

Answer 7

The medical model.

Question 8

What does the US National Institutes of Health report People with disabilities encountering when they speak about anything positive related to living with their conditions?

Answer 8

Pitying attitudes or incredulity.

Question 9

What is the key definition about the social model offered by the UK Ombudsman?

Answer 9

According to the social model a person does not ‘have’ a disability –
disability is something a person experiences.

Question 10

Which model looks at ways of removing barriers that restrict life choices for people with disabilities?

Answer 10

The social model.

Question 11

In which model is the management of the problem requiring social action, and is the collective responsibility of society at large to make the environmental modifications necessary for the
full participation of people with disabilities in all areas of social life?

Answer 11

The social model.

Question 12

Is an individual prevented from reading a magazine because of blindness?

Answer 12

No, this person is prevented from reading the magazine because of the
absence of alternative formats. (The social model)

Question 13

What does the social model say about people’s attitudes towards disability?

Answer 13

The social model of disability also focuses on people’s attitudes towards disability and recognises that
attitudes towards disability can present barriers for disabled people in the same way the physical
environment can.

Question 14

What is the relation of the social model to design?

Answer 14

Societies can improve the lives of people with disabilities considerably by ensuring the world is designed to accommodate a wide range of human characteristics and abilities.

Question 15

Which model’s push for social justice in the political arena can also put activists at odds with people with other political interests, antagonizing relationships and sometimes creating resolute political adversaries?

Answer 15

The social model.

Question 16

Which model of disability is an attempt to account for both the social and biomedical models of disability?

Answer 16

The Biopsychosocial Model

Question 17

What did George Engel conceptualise in 1977?

Answer 17

The Biopsychosocial Model of Disability

Question 18

In what year did the World Health Organization publish the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)?

Answer 18

2002

Question 19

What is the ICF?

Answer 19

The International Classification of Functioning,
Disability and Health (ICF).

Question 20

What does the ICF do?

Answer 20

The ICF describes the complex phenomenon of disability and integrates the social and medical models. It is derived from the biopsychosocial model of disability.

Question 21

Which model can be used in rehabilitation and why?

Answer 21

The biopsychosocial model can be used in situations related to rehabilitation. This is because a rehabilitation team would integrate both aspects(medical and social) to develop a support intervention that accounts for both a person’s medical and social situation.

Question 22

Which model might inadvertently downplaying the medical needs of people with disabilities?

Answer 22

The Biopsychosocial Model of Disability

Question 23

Which model best defines disability by a person’s inability to
participate in work?

Answer 23

The Economic Model

Question 24

What are the economic consequences of disability to the individual according to the economic model of disability?

Answer 24

Loss of earnings for and payment for assistance by the individual.

Question 25

Which model is used by policymakers in the context of determining and assessing disability benefits?

Answer 25

The economic model of disability.

Question 26

What are the key strengths of the economic model for the person with disability?

Answer 26

The economic model recognizes the effect of bodily limitations on a person’s ability to work, and that
may require economic support and / or accommodations for the person’s disability.

Question 27

What are the key weaknesses of the economic model for the person with disability?

Answer 27

The economic model creates a legally defined category of people who are needy, which can be
stigmatizing. Additionally, if a person doesn’t meet the legal “disabled” threshold, or if there is a dispute
about a person’s disability, the person with the disability may not receive the support they need.

Question 28

Which model can be best used to view the work of disability professionals?

Answer 28

The Functional Solutions Model

Question 29

Which model best describes a practical perspective that identifies the limitations due to disability?

Answer 29

The Functional Solutions Model

Question 30

What is the primary aim of The Functional Solutions Model?

Answer 30

To eliminate, or at least reduce, the impact of the functional limitations of the body through technological or methodological innovation.

Question 31

Which model is best described as results-oriented?

Answer 31

The Functional Solutions Model

Question 32

Which model best seeks to solve real-world challenges, attends to the needs of people in their own circumstances and is based on providing services?

Answer 32

The Functional Solutions Model

Question 33

Name a key weakness of the Functional Solutions Model from the perspective of design and business.

Answer 33

Profit-driven technology entrepreneurs can sometimes miss the mark, creating products that may be innovative but neither practical nor useful.

Question 34

What problem(s) may arise when using the Functional Solutions model of diasbility?

Answer 34

A narrow focus on technology may lead to miscalculations or missed opportunities in cases where social,
political and environmental aspects ought to be considered to fix an issue effectively.

Question 35

Which model is best described by referring to a sense of deriving one’s personal identity from membership within a group of like-minded individuals?

Answer 35

The Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model

Question 36

Which of the models is most evident among people who are deaf?

Answer 36

The Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model

Question 37

Which model’s weakness is best described as potentially creating feelings of exclusion for people who don’t fit the group’s expectations?

Answer 37

The Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model

Question 38

Which model model accepts the person’s disability completely and uses it as a point of pride in associating with other people in a similar condition?

Answer 38

The Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model

Question 39

Which model is best described as regarding people with disabilities as unfortunate and in need of outside help?

Answer 39

The Charity Model

Question 40

The following statement is most closely related to which theoretical model of disability? It is related to the medical model, treating disability as an individual problem, and to the economic model in that it views
disability in terms of the economic consequences to the individual.

Answer 40

The Charity Model

Question 41

The following statement is most closely related to which theoretical model of disability? The model often focuses on short-term, immediate needs at the expense of more comprehensive and ultimately more effective long-term solutions.

Answer 41

The Charity Model

Question 42

Name the main categories of disabilities.

Answer 42

Visual Disabilities
Auditory Disabilities
Deaf-Blindness
Speech and Language Disabilities
Mobility, Flexibility, and Body Structure Disabilities
Cognitive Disabilities
Seizure Disabilities
Multiple/Complex Disabilities

Question 43

What are products, devices, systems, or items used by people with disabilities to perform tasks which they could not do otherwise?

Answer 43

Assistive Technologies (ATs)

Question 44

What are Assistive technologies called when used with computers?

Answer 44

Adaptive technologies or adaptive software.

Question 45

Which technologies rely on the
output of other “user agents” such as graphical desktop browsers, text browsers, voice browsers,
multimedia players, and plug-ins?

Answer 45

Some(not all!) assistive technologies

Question 46

What are adaptive strategies?

Answer 46

Adaptive strategies are tweaks and adjustments that people with disabilities use to perform daily living
activities.

Question 47

According to the World Health Organization Fact Sheet: Vision Impairment and Blindness, how many people have vision impairment or blindness globally?

Answer 47

At least 2.2 billion people.

Question 48

According to the World Health Organization Fact Sheet: Vision Impairment and Blindness, how many people have a vision impairment that could have been prevented or has yet to be addressed?

Answer 48

At least 1 billion have a vision impairment that could have been prevented or has yet to be addressed.

Question 48

The following statement is most closely related to which disability? A sensory disability that includes some amount of vision loss, complete or uncorrectable loss of vision in either or both eyes.

Answer 48

Visual disabilities.

Question 48

The following statement is most closely related to which disability? A sensory disability involving some vision loss, nearly complete vision loss, and
complete vision loss.

Answer 48

Blindness

Question 49

The following statement is most closely related to which disability? Most people with this disability are are over 50 years old.

Answer 49

Blindness

Question 50

The following statement is most closely related to which disability? A sensory disability where a person may not be able to distinguish
certain color combinations.

Answer 50

Color Vision Deficiency

Question 51

What percentage of males and females are affected by red-green vision defects according to the US National Institutes of Health, US National Library of Medicine?

Answer 51

1 in 12 males (8.3%) and 1 in 200 females (0.5%)

Question 52

Which is more common according to US National Institutes of Health, US National Library of Medicine: red-green or blue-yellow colour vision deficiency?

Answer 52

Red-green color vision defects are the most common form of color vision deficiency.

Question 53

The following statement is most closely related to which disability? Low vision is uncorrectable vision loss that interferes with daily activities. It is better defined
in terms of function, rather than numerical test results.

Answer 53

Low vision

Question 54

The following statement is most closely related to which disability? Not enough vision to do whatever it is you need to do.

Answer 54

Low vision

Question 55

What is the preferred term most eye care professionals prefer to describe permanently reduced
vision that cannot be corrected with regular glasses, contact lenses, medicine, or surgery with?

Answer 55

Low vision

Question 56

The following statement is most closely related to which disability? The person will typically need magnification to read or discern other details. Some experience low contrast so benefit from high contrast text and graphics.
Some experience color deficiencies, which means they may not be able to see the difference between
certain colors.

Answer 56

Low vision

Question 57

According to the World Health Organization, how many people have low vision? In what kinds of demographics is low vision most common?

Answer 57

According to the World Health Organization, about 246 million people, or 3.5% of the
world’s population, have low vision. About 90% of people with vision impairments live in low-income
settings.

Question 58

The following statement is most closely related to which disability? Missing visual and non-visual orientation cues, page structure, and other navigational aids, images, controls, and other meaningful elements that
do not have text alternatives are a barrier for people with this disability.

Answer 58

Visual Disabilities