Domain One B and C Flashcards
Categories and Characteristics of Disabilities, Associated Barriers, and SolutionsIdentify Appropriate Assistive Technologies and Adaptive Strategies at the Level of the Individual for Permanent, Temporary and Episodic Disabilities (ICT and Physical World)
Name the main categories of disabilities.
Name the main categories of disabilities
There are 9
- Visual Disabilities
- Auditory Disabilities
- Deaf-Blindness
- Speech and Language Disabilities
- Mobility, Flexibility, and Body Structure Disabilities
- Cognitive Disabilities
- Seizure Disabilities
- Psychological Disabilities
- Multiple/Complex Disabilities
Classify specific conditions under the appropriate disability category
Visual Disabilities
Define and list 3 conditions
Visual disabilities are sensory disabilities that include:
* some amount of vision loss
* loss of visual acuity (sharpness)
* increased or decreased sensitivity to specific or bright colors
* complete or uncorrectable loss of vision in either or both eyes
1. Blindness
2. Color Vision Deficiency
3. Low Vision
Classify specific conditions under the appropriate disability category
Auditory Disabilities
Define and list 3 conditions
Auditory disabilities are sensory disabilities that range from partial to complete hearing loss.
- Deafness
- Hard of Hearing
- Central Auditory Processing Disorder
Classify specific conditions under the appropriate disability category
Deaf-Blindness
Define
Deaf-Blindness is a rare condition that uses touch as the primary means of communication
Classify specific conditions under the appropriate disability category
Speech and Language Disabilities
Define and list 4 conditions
Speech and language conditions are related and often grouped together but there are differences. Using
language is about being able to understand, formulate and share ideas through words. Language
disorders may affect not only speech but also the ability to write, read and understand information.
Speech disorders specifically concern the way people say words and make sounds.
- Speech sound disorders
- Functional speech sound disorders
- No Speech
- Aphasia
Classify specific conditions under the appropriate disability category
Mobility, Flexibility, and Body Structure Disabilities
Define and list 4 conditions
Mobility impairment includes:
* people with upper or lower limb loss or disability
* challenges with manual dexterity
* disability in co-ordination with different organs of the body
* a broken skeletal structure.
Physical and mobility impairments limit independent, purposeful physical movement of the body or of
one or more limbs. Impact to a person’s mobility may be temporary or permanent. Mobility disabilities
can be present at birth, acquired with age, or be the result of disease.
- Manual Dexterity/Fine Motor Control
- Ambulation
- Muscle Fatigue
- Body Size or Shape
Classify specific conditions under the appropriate disability category
Cognitive Disabilities
Define and list 6 conditions
Cognitive disabilities can affect one or more mental functions by varying degrees. Cognitive processes
can be affected by both internal and external factors. Internal factors are impairments in one or more
mental functions. External factors include issues such as information overload, stress, or sleep
deprivation. Studies show stress has a highly disruptive impact on working memory for people with and
without cognitive impairments.
- Intellectual Disabilities
- Reading and Dyslexia
- Math and Computation
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Non-Verbal Learning Disability
Classify specific conditions under the appropriate disability category
Seizure Disabilities
Define and list 2 conditions
Seizure disabilities occur when a seizure disorder interferes with a person’s regular activities. Seizures
can range from mild to severe, including loss of consciousness.
- General Seizure Disorders
- Photosensitive Epilepsy
Classify specific conditions under the appropriate disability category
Psychological Disabilities
Define and list 6 conditions
There are different types of psychological disabilities or mental ill-health which affect a person’s
perceptions, thoughts, feelings, mood and behavior. These conditions can be occasional or long-lasting.
Psychological disabilities include:
* Anxiety disorders, including panic disorders, phobias
* Mood disorders, including depression and bipolar disorder
* Psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia
- Anxiety Disorders
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- Panic Disorder
- Social Anxiety Disorder
- Bipolar Disorder
- Psychotic Disorders
Classify specific conditions under the appropriate disability category
Multiple/Complex Disabilities
Define
Multiple or complex disabilities is when more than one disability is present within a person at
the same time. They can include physical, mental, or a combination of types. In terms of education, this
category is used for students with the most profound disabilities. In some countries, like the US, the
definition of multiple disabilities does not include deaf blindness since this condition has a special
classification in legislation concerning, for example, education.
* Intellectual functioning
* Adaptive skills
* Motor skills
* Sensory functioning
* Communication skills
Describe the accessibility challenges
Barriers for People with Visual Disabilities
- Materials, such as books, restaurant menus, and navigation aids are not available in alternate formats such as digital files or braille
- People who do not adequately describe navigation steps or visual information
- Inadequate lighting
- Sounds masking informative sounds like directional cues
- Non-tactile signs
- Objects in travel paths that become obstacles
- In websites and other technologies: images, controls, and other meaningful elements that
do not have text alternatives - Text, images, and page layouts that cannot be resized or lose information when resized
- Missing visual and non-visual orientation cues, page structure, and other navigational aids
- Video content that does not have text or audio alternatives, or an audio description track
- Inconsistent, unpredictable, or overly complicated navigation mechanisms and page functions
- Text and images with insufficient color contrast between foreground and background
- Websites, web browsers, and authoring tools that do not enable users to set up custom
color combinations - Websites, web browsers, and authoring tools that do not work fully when using a keyboard
Describe the accessibility challenges
Barriers for People with Auditory Disabilities
- People who speak softly or in large spaces without aids such as microphones
- Absence of sign language interpretation
- Loud environments or competing sounds such as background noise
- Conversations, interactions, and meetings where accessing communication from multiple speakers is challenging
- Poor lighting conditions that prevent lip-reading
- Websites and other technologies that require voice interaction or listening to engage with content
- Audio in videos and films presented without captions or transcripts
- Media players that do not support captions, or do not contain options to control the volume, or customize the size and color of captions
Describe the accessibility challenges
Barriers for People with Deaf-Blindness
- For materials such as books, menus and navigation aids, lack of printed braille
- For websites and other technologies, incorrect or incomplete output to a braille keyboard
- Lack of braille transcripts of video or audio materials
- Lack of tactile sign language interpretation
Describe the accessibility challenges
Barriers for People with Language and Speech Disabilities
- Complex communication systems
- Not enough time to communicate, access information or respond
- Lack of understanding and patience by persons when communicating, such as in different
service-based contexts - Lack of alternatives for speech communication, such as multimodal or text-based alternatives.
Describe the accessibility challenges
Barriers for People with Mobility, Flexibility, and Body Structure Disabilities
Physical Environment
* Seating that is too small, or at the wrong height.
* Appliances and controls that are out of reach or require touch instead of voice commands.
* Narrow walkways, doorways, passages, or aisles
* Tasks that require fine motor skills, like small or round door handles
* Tasks that require accuracy, like small buttons, switches, or dials
* Tasks that require strength, like heavy doors
* High shelves or high counters
* Tables without knee and toe clearance
* Products and equipment that require a standing position or are difficult to reach or
manipulate such as automatic teller machines (ATMs), health care or workplace equipment
that is not accessible.
* Steps, thresholds, and other obstacles to gaining entry to a space.
* Body shaming and social discrimination.
Digital Environment:
* Digital interfaces that require interaction via a specific interface such as keyboard or mouse
* Digital interfaces with small and / or tightly grouped touch targets that are hard to hit accurately
Describe the accessibility challenges
Barriers for People with Cognitive Disabilities
- Finding important information
- Filling out forms
- Managing passwords
- Understanding information
- Understanding and using controls
- Keeping focused
- Information overload, caused by cluttered design or too many text elements
- Time-outs that cause stress and make it difficult to plan
Describe the accessibility challenges
Barriers for People with Seizure Disorders
- Activities in which a sudden loss of consciousness could cause serious harm, such as
swimming, taking a bath, or using power tools. - Moving, blinking, or flickering content in videos, films, websites, and other technologies.
- Web browsers and media players that do not provide controls to stop or turn off video or animations
Describe the accessibility challenges
Barriers for People with Psychological Disabilities
- Limited availability and affordability of mental healthcare services
- Lack of knowledge among healthcare providers for accurate diagnoses and treatment
- Social stigma
- Lack of support for cognitive challenges
- Students: lack of support for emotional, behavioural and/or cognitive challenges at school.
Understand the concepts
assistive technologies
Assistive technologies are products, devices, systems, or items used by people with disabilities to perform tasks which they could not do otherwise. Assistive technologies are also called adaptive technologies or adaptive software when used with computers. Some assistive technologies rely on the
output of other “user agents” such as graphical desktop browsers, text browsers, voice browsers, multimedia players, and plug-ins.
Not all assistive technologies are computer-based. For example, communication boards made of cardboard are a type of assistive technology.
In some contexts, assistive technologies refer exclusively to products, devices or systems provided to people with disabilities via a social security system. In other contexts, a wider definition includes products, tools and systems that are available to anyone for free or to buy.
Understand the concepts
adaptive strategies
Adaptive strategies are tweaks and adjustments that people with disabilities use to perform daily living activities. These strategies increase their independence and ability to participate in society. Adaptive strategies enhance or change ways of interacting with the environment or technology to accomplish a task. Adaptive strategies can involve software such as settings to personalize the presentation of a document or website. An example of an environmental adaptive strategy is to move closer to a person speaking in an auditorium to hear better.
Understand the concepts
accessibility solutions
name 3
- Sign language interpretation
- Captions for videos, live online meetings, live presentations
- Text alternatives such as transcripts for audio content
- Transcripts of video or audio materials made available in braille
- Tactile sign language interpretation
- Other solutions based on the individual needs
- Simplified communication methods, including multiple options for communication
- Increased understanding, patience and adaptations by persons when communicating
- Additional time to complete tasks
- Providing the option to use text-based alternatives to speech to communicate
Examples of accessibility, potential solutions, and AT
Solutions for People with Visual Disabilities
Accessibility – Physical Environment:
- Use raised tiles on the ground to indicate the edge of a platform, a pathway along a
sidewalk, the beginning of a staircase, etc. - Eliminate low-hanging architectural features that a blind person could bump into.
- Clear obstructions in hallways and on sidewalks.
- Information in Braille on signs and controls (e.g. elevator buttons, code locks)
- Tactile controls on flat devices such as microwaves and dishwashers
Examples of accessibility, potential solutions, and AT
Solutions for People with Visual Disabilities
Accessibility – ICT Environment:
- Provide text alternatives for non-text information.
- Make sure graphical design allows for magnification.
- Use color combinations with high contrast.
- Do not rely on color alone to convey meaning or information.
- Standard, consistent positioning and visual presentation of objects
Examples of accessibility, potential solutions, and AT
Solutions for People with Visual Disabilities
Assistive Technologies:
Screen readers convert the text and structural information of interfaces and content to speech.
* Audio description is an additional audio track that describes and gives context for essential
visual information.
* Screen magnification
* Large print
* GPS-based navigation instructions with an audio interface, either automated or via a remote
human navigator
* Mobile apps that provide audio descriptions of photographed objects or people
* Mobile apps that scan barcodes or QR codes and speak product information aloud
* Software to customize color contrast, color filters, and color themes
* Canes help people feel their surroundings as they walk.
* Service animals help people navigate.
