Domain Eukarya

Question 1

is domain archaea prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Answer 1

prokaryotes

Question 2

why can domain archaea not be studied much?

Answer 2

they are extremophiles so we cannot replicate their environment in a lab

Question 3

what does “archaeotes” mean

Answer 3

archaean

Question 4

what are the 3 kingdoms in domain eukarya?

Answer 4

1. kingdom plantae
2. kingdom animalia
3. kingdom fungi

Question 5

what are the characteristics of eukaryotes?

Answer 5

have organelles

have a nucleus

are large

Question 6

what is a protist?

Answer 6

eukaryote that is not a plant, animal or fungi

came around 1.8 mya

Question 7

secondary endosymbiosis

Answer 7

when a eukaryotic organism becomes endosymbiont itself

larger eukaryote eats a smaller eukaryote to make a more specialized organism

Question 8

characteristics of supergroup excavata

Answer 8

have flagellum

unique cytoskeleton made of microtubules

free living, symbiotic, human pathogens

Question 9

supergroup excavata, class parabasalid

Answer 9

anaerobic: dislike water

ex. mutualist in termite guts to break down cellulose in wood

Question 10

supergroup excavata, phylum euglenozoa

Answer 10

have spiral crystalline rod structure in flagella

Question 11

supergroup excavata, phylum euglenozoa, class kinetoplastida

Answer 11

single large mitochondria
- antiparasite drug targets this

can survive bc they shapeshift surface proteins so immune system cannot fight it

ex. Trypanosoma (blood parasite that causes African Sleeping Sickness)

Question 12

supergroup excavata, phylum euglenozoa, class euglenoidea

Answer 12

have pocket at end of cell

2 flagella

mixotrophs (photoautotroph and chemoheterotroph)

Question 13

supergroup SAR

Answer 13

includes
1. stremenopiles
2. alveolata
3. rhizaria

Question 14

supergroup SAR, phylum heterokontophyte (stremenopiles)

Answer 14

means different flagella plant

are photosynthetic

2 types of flagella (1 long and hairy, 1 short and smooth)

1. class bacillariophyceae
2. class crysophycaeae
3. class phyaeophyceae

Question 15

phyceae

Answer 15

means seaweed

Question 16

supergroup SAR, phylum heterokontophyte, class bacillariophyceae

Answer 16

diatoms

2 shell halves made of silica (fit like lid on a shoebox)

pores help with weight distribution
- very strong stable and structured

Question 17

supergroup SAR, phylum heterokontophyte, class crysophycaeae

Answer 17

golden algae

mixotrophs

Question 18

supergroup SAR, phylum heterokontophyte, class phyaeophyceae

Answer 18

brown algae

multicellular (get huge)

use floats (pneumatophores) to stay upright

alternation of generations life cycle

Question 19

explain the reproduction cycle of diatoms (class bacillariophyceae)

Answer 19

two shell halves split in two and form two diatoms (asexual repro) —> get smaller and smaller each time they split and eventually cannot split anymore —> (sexual repro) produces sperm and egg which fertilize and form a zygote then makes a new diatom and cycle repeats

Question 20

explain the alteration of generations life cycle (class phyaeophyceae/brown algae)

Answer 20

diploid sporophyte —> meosis in sporongium –> produces haploid spores —> mitosis to form male and female gametophyte —-> produce sperm and egg which fertilize and form a zygote then makes a new diploid sporophyte and cycle repeats
(purely sexual repro)

Question 21

which class has 2 phases of life?

Answer 21

class phyaeophyceae/brown algae

1. multicellular diploid sporophyte
2. multicellular haploid gametophyte

Question 22

Alveolata

Answer 22

membrane enclosed sac under plasma membrane

1. phylum dinoflagellata
2. phylum apicomplexa
3. phylum ciliophora

Question 23

Alveolata, phylum dinoflagellata

Answer 23

mixotrophs

cell plates made of cellulose (grooves with flagella)

parasites release dinotoxins that infect fish

can appear red in water

ex. zooxanthellae on corals (mutualist with coral that help photosynthesize and give coral color)

Question 24

Alveolata, phylum apicomplexa

Answer 24

blood parasite

live in host cell

ex. one causes malaria: infects liver and blood cells

release pheromones which attract mosquitos and manipulate mind to drink longer

Question 25

Alveolata, phylum ciliophora

Answer 25

have cilia for movement and feeding have macronucleus and multiple micronuclei (for conjugation) ex. vorticella, paramecium

Question 26

rhizaria

Answer 26

hair like pseudopodia (fake feet for feeding) can stretch cell membrane to move planktonic or amoeboid 1. phylum radiolaria 2. phylum foraminifera

Question 27

rhizaria, phylum radiolaria

Answer 27

silica shells holes in shell where hairs stick out

Question 28

rhizaria, phylum foraminifera

Answer 28

calcium carbonate shells multicompartment shells

Question 29

supergroup archaeplastida

Answer 29

photosynthetic 1. phylum rhodophyta 2. phylum chlorophyta 3. phylum charophytes

Question 30

supergroup archaeplastida, phylum rhodophyta

Answer 30

red algae, appear RED found in deep sea water because red is good at absorbing blue light (red light waves cannot travel very far) - adapted this to avoid competition

Question 31

supergroup archaeplastida, phylum chlorophyta

Answer 31

green algae colonial multinucleate bc it is easier to transfer nutrients through body ex. volvox

Question 32

supergroup archaeplastida, phylum charophytes

Answer 32

closest to land plants green algae have sporopollerin: waterproof structure that prevents dehydration (what allowed them to move out of water) ex. desmid, spirogyra

Question 33

multinucleate

Answer 33

reproduce but stay in same membrane so it becomes one cell with many nucleus

Question 34

supergroup unikonta

Answer 34

made of ameobas

Question 35

phylum amoebozoa

Answer 35

slime molds tube/lobe shaped pseufopodia can move 1. plasmodial slime mold 2. cellular slime mold 3. tubulinds

Question 36

plasmodial slime mold

Answer 36

multinucleate diploid dominant

Question 37

explain the reproduction cycle of plasmodial slime mold

Answer 37

solitary amoeba --> multinucleate division into feeding plasma --> feeding plasma branches to reach for food and whole body will shift towards branch with food ---> stress triggers sexual repro which makes fruiting bodies ---> fruiting bodies go through meiosis to make spores that are male and female which fertilize to make more amoebas

Question 38

cellular slime mold

Answer 38

unicellular haploid dominant

Question 39

describe the cellular slime mold reproductive cycle

Answer 39

1. 2 solitary amoebas ---> fertilize to form a zygote which does meiosis to form more solitary amoebas 2. a solitary amoeba ---> feeding then gets stressed which triggers an SOS and other aggregate amoebas swarm over to the solitary amoeba ---> combine into one temporary sluglike amoeba ---> form fruiting bodies which produce male and female spores which fertilize and form more solitary amoebas

Question 40

tubulinds

Answer 40

unicellular