Domain 8 Module: Use of Senses (8 test questions)

Question 1

What are the components of visual efficiency training without optical devices?

Answer 1

Tracing – visually following a stationary line (visually trailing); maintains orientation
Tracking- visually following a moving target; used for maintaining orientation and locating targets
Scanning – systematic movement of using head and eye movement to search for targets; used for locating targets, establishing and reestablishing line of travel, finding landmarks
Eccentric Viewing – Using peripheral vision for a clear view of targets, tilting of head, or looking to the side to “look around” the blind spot

Question 2

What are the components of visual efficiency training with optical devices?

Answer 2

Familiarization – student should be able to identify parts of device
Localization/stabilization – alignment with eye, device, and object, maintain steady balance and constant grip
Focusing – making sure the object is clear in the device by turning the knob lift or tight
Scanning – using systematic techniques to locate a target
Tracing – following stationary lines in an environment
Tracking – maintaining constant alignment of the eye, the device, and the object being viewed while the object is moving

Question 3

Describe the following skills used with telescopes:
- localization and stabilization

• focusing
• scanning
• tracing
• tracking

Answer 3

• localization and stabilization
  o teach importance of localizing before using device
  o magnified image will restrict field
  o have student estimate the relative location of object before looking through device
  o place device in front of eye for positive and clearer identification
  o make sure body is balanced and grip is tight
• focusing
  o instructor should focus the device before handing it to the student
  o teach student motor skill required to focus
  o student can adjust by turning the dial to the left or right as needed
  o student taught that identification of best focus is achieved by turning the focusing mechanism in one direction will improve the image
  o student is taught that objects far away are viewed through a shorter scope, and objects that are closer need a linger length to attain the sharpest image
• scanning
  o must be systematic
  o must develop and select different scanning patterns based on location and orientation of the target
   horizontal target: must scan vertically
   vertical target – must scan horizontally
• tracing
  o use device while moving head to trace alone lines in the environment
• tracking
  o maintain consistent alignment of eye, device, and object being viewed while object is moving
  o easiest when looking at objects far away due to limited field of view in device
  o start while student is seated ad following slow moving objects

Question 4

List one corresponding instructional strategy for
- localization and stabilization

• scanning
• tracing
• tracking

Answer 4

• localization and stabilization
  o use a light to make the object more visible
  o rest viewing arm on a stable surface
  o use both hands to hold device
• focusing
  o instructor focuses first
  o use concept of analog radio to explain focusing
• scanning
  o perimeter
  o zig zag pattern
  o horizontal scanning for vertical objects
  o vertical scanning for horizontal objects
• tracing
  o trace outlines of objects first
• tracking
  o begin seated following slow moving targets
  o gradually increase speed of targets

Question 5

looking around” a blind spot

instructional strategy:
Have student look directly at instructors nose and describe what they see in detail. Repeat while student looks at four corners of instructors head

Answer 5

Eccentric Viewing

Question 6

o	Ability to follow a line
	Horizontally, vertically, diagonally
o	Instruction should go from simple to complex
o	Example: To locate a street sign
	Tract bottom of bushes to the end
	Trace the bust up to the sign

instructional strategy:
o Placing objects at the end of short lines made of bright colored yarn, then gradually increasing the distance of the target to be traced
o Tracing the outline of a garden in the backyard

Answer 6

Tracing

Question 7

o Following a moving target
 Horizontally, vertically, diagonally
 Instruction should be simple to complex
 A person who has difficulty maintaining fixation may have
difficulty tracking, especially if target is moving quickly

instructional strategy:
o Follow the shoulder of someone walking in front of them to see if there is a change in level coming up
o Tracking cars through busy intersections
o Have student start following slow moving objects (people) while seated, then gradually increase complexity to having the
student follow people while walking

Answer 7

Tracking

Question 8

o Highest level of visual skill
o Requires use of a specific pattern of movement to gather information effectively
o Horizontally, vertically
o Near to far
o If you need to locate an object positioned vertically (pole) horizontal scanning patterns are best
o If you need to locate an object positioned horizontally, vertical scanning patterns are best

instructional strategy:
o Scan for a series of visual landmarks along a route
o Develop a record of landmarks and their positional location
o Scan for vehicles and pedestrians in a crosswalk to help locate the curb

Answer 8

Scanning

Question 9

Provide examples of tactile information that can be used for O&M related tasks.

Answer 9

Discrimination

Texture of ground

Truncated Domes

Grass line/Concrete

Crosswalks

Ice/Rain on path

Question 10

pick up an object and show it to student, have them describe what it feels like

Answer 10

Discrimination

Question 11

Have student use cane or feet to describe what they are walking on and have them let you know when they think the surface has changed and why that is

Answer 11

Texture of ground

Question 12

have student stop when he/she reaches truncated domes, have them explore with cane or feet

Answer 12

Truncated Domes

Question 13

have student use the tough and drag technique or constant contact technique to maintain a straight line of travel using the shoreline

Answer 13

Grass line/Concrete

Question 14

Have student maintain orientation in the crosswalk without veering by detecting change in surface between the crosswalk and the intersection

Answer 14

Crosswalks

Question 15

have student identify when the surface feels different due to weather conditions. Discuss how to approach these surface changes together

Answer 15

Ice/Rain on path

Question 16

Describe how a learner can use time-distance estimations to maximize O&M skills.

Answer 16

Learner can determine how far away they are from an intersection by listening to the perpendicular traffic. The quieter the traffic, the further away they are.

Question 17

Describe how a learner can use kinesthetic and proprioceptive information to make accurate turns.

Answer 17

A learner can use kinesthetic & proprioceptive information to make accurate turns by recognizing gaps in stimuli of the surrounding environment. Like hearing or perceiving an opening in a hallway to indicate an intersection of two hallways.

Question 18

Describe how a learner can use kinesthetic and proprioceptive information from slopes to maximize O&M skills.

Answer 18

Learner can determine when there is a slope by noticing the slight change in cane height when using constant contact or two-point touch technique.

Question 19

Define the term echolocation.

Answer 19

the use of reflected sounds to detect the presence of objects such as walls, buildings, doors and openings. Sometimes referred to as obstacle perception.
Some people can echolocate by making sonar emissions (e.g., mouth-clicks, finger snaps, feet shuffling, humming, cane tapping, etc.) and listening to the returning echoes

Question 20

Explain the difference between active and passive echolocation?

Answer 20

Active: Actively producing sounds (cane click, tongue click, snaps, etc.) to receive localization information
Ex: the sound your cane makes in open space versus in a hallway/ This requires practice to master

Passive: the interpretation of reflected sounds in the environment
Ex: a door closing in the hallway

Question 21

What are the factors affecting echolocation?

Answer 21

Quality of hearing
Ability to concentrate
Background noise
Surface reflectivity

Question 22

What are some strategies for helping children develop echolocation?

Answer 22

Noticing strong echo signals: help the child notice the presence of strong echoes. Play a sound game in a highly reverberant environment such as restrooms, breezeways, or stairwells. Encouraging singing, repeating words, or clapping.

Observation: it is important enough to know what echolocation skills the child is already using.

Locating large objects: A building is a simple object to echolocate because it is large, solid, and freestanding. The click will sound louder as they approach the building. Echolocating and finding large objects allows children to find them at will, avoid them, or use them as landmarks.

Question 23

What environmental factors create source sounds?

Answer 23

Traffic
Weather
Buildings
Alleys

Question 24

What behaviors initiated by the learner create source sounds?

Answer 24

Cane taps
Feet shuffling
Snapping
Tongue clicking

Question 25

an area of diminished sound created by the blockage of background sounds by a large object positioned between the listener and the sound

environment situation which creates:
a blind curve in the road before crossing a street

Answer 25

Sound Shadow

Question 26

any background noise that impedes travel. Visually impaired people use sounds to navigate. These sound masks could include a bus engine masking a car traveling on the road before a crossing

environment situation which creates:
leaf blowers while trying to listen to a parallel surge and other traffic

Answer 26

sound masking

Question 27

the increase in frequency of a sound produced by compression of sound waves and the shortening of wavelengths as distance decreases between a sound source and an object. A sound source becoming a higher pitch and audible means this object is closer to your location

environment situation which creates:
sound of a truck or a bus passing by quickly

Answer 27

Doppler Effect