Domain 2

Question 1

Fitness Professionals Should Not

Answer 1

Diagnose medical conditions, prescribe treatment, prescribe diets or recommend specific supplements unless qualified, provide treatment of any kind for injury or disease (aside from basic first aid), provide rehabilitation services for clients, provide counseling services for clients.

Question 2

Fitness Assessments

Answer 2

Is a systematic problem-solving method that provides the fitness professional with a basis for making educated decisions about exercise and acute variable selection. Not designed to diagnose any condition, but rather to observe each client’s individual structural and functional status, creating a starting point from which to work.

Question 3

Subjective Information

Answer 3

Gather from a prospective client to give the fitness professional feedback regarding personal history such as occupation, lifestyle, and medical background. EX: General History and Medical History. One of the easiest forms of gathering information is through a questionnaire. EX: Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) - is directed toward detecting any possible cardiorespiratory dysfunction, such as coronary heart disease (CHD).

Question 4

Subjective Information - General History

Answer 4

Ask some very basic questions concerning a client’s history and personal background to obtain a wealth of information (occupation, lifestyle, etc.)

Question 5

Subjective Information - Medical History

Answer 5

Find out a client’s medical history to obtain information about life-threatening or chronic diseases as well as structural and functional health - Past injuries, past surgeries, chronic conditions, medications.

Question 6

Objective Information

Answer 6

Gathered to provide the fitness professional with forms of measurable information. Can be used to compare beginning numbers to those measured weeks, months, or years later, denoting improvements in the client as well as the effectiveness of the training program - Physiological assessments, body composition assessments, cardiorespiratory assessments, posture and movement assessments, performance assessments.

Question 7

Physiological Assessments

Answer 7

Provide valuable information regarding the status of the client’s health - heart rate and blood pressure.

Question 8

Measuring Heart Rate

Answer 8

Radial Pulse - lightly place two fingers along the arm in line with and just above the thumb. Once pulse is identified, count the pulses for 30 seconds and multiply by two. Record the 60-second pulse rate and average for 3 days. Average resting heart rates: Males - 70 beats/min, Females - 75 beats/min.

Question 9

Blood Pressure

Answer 9

Systolic and Diastolic Readings - Systolic (top number): the pressure produced by the heart as it pumps blood to the body. Normal systolic pressure is <120 mm Hg. Diastolic (bottom number): the minimum pressure within the arteries through a full cardiac cycle. Normal diastolic pressure is <80 mm Hg.

Question 10

Body Composition Assessments

Answer 10

There are a variety of methods used to estimate body composition. They vary in cost, accuracy, and skill needed to perform them. Skinfold - measures skin fold thickness, Bioelectrical Impedance - measures resistance electrical current, Hydrostatic Weighing - measures body density by measuring buoyancy (ability to float), Circumference Measurements, Waist-to-hip Ratio, and Body Mass Index (BMI).

Question 11

Cardiorespiratory Assessments

Answer 11

Step Test & the Rockport Walk Test

Question 12

Step Test

Answer 12

Perform a 3-minute step test by having a client do 24 steps per minute on a 12-inch step, for 3 minutes (96 steps total). Then, measure client’s pulse for 60 seconds and record the number as the recovery pulse. Locate score in the chart provided in the text.

Question 13

Rockport Walk Test

Answer 13

Record the client’s weight and perform assessment - have the client walk 1 mile, as fast as he or she can on a treadmill. Record the time it takes the client to complete the walk. Immediately record the client’s heart rate (beats per minute) at the 1-mile mark. Use the formula listed in the textbook to calculate O2 score.

Question 14

Posture and Movement Assessment

Answer 14

Every movement needs a base from which to generate (and accept) force - better known as posture. Posture is the alignment and functions of all components of the HMS at any given moment. It allows for proper neuromuscular function and optimal movement.

Question 15

Posture

Answer 15

Proper posture ensures the muscles of the body are optimally aligned at the proper length-tension relationships necessary for efficiency functioning of force-couples and joint motion (neuromuscular efficiency).

Question 16

Neuromuscular Efficiency

Answer 16

Is the ability of the nervous system to properly recruit all muscles in all planes of motion

Question 17

Postural Distortion Patterns

Answer 17

Without proper postural alignment, we set the body up for a series of trauma known as postural distortion patterns. These are predictable patterns of muscle imbalances.

Question 18

Pronation Distortion Syndrome

Answer 18

Characterized by Feet - flattened or externally rotated. Knees - adducted and internally rotated. Tight - Gastrocnemius, soles, peroneals, adductors, iliotibial band (IT band), hip flexors, and biceps femoris (short head). Walk - Anterior and posterior tibias, vests medialis (VMO), gluteus Maximus and medius, and hip external rotators.

Question 19

Lower Crossed Syndrome

Answer 19

Characterized by Anterior Pelvic tilt. Tight - Gastrocnemius, soles, hip flexors, adductors, latissimus doors, and erector spinae. Weak - Gluteus Maximus and medics, anterior tibialis, posterior tibias, transverse abdominis, and internal obliques.

Question 20

Upper Crossed Syndrome

Answer 20

Characterized by Shoulders - protracted (rounded), head - Forward. Tight - Latissimus doors, pectorals major and minor, upper trapezius, scalene, trees major, subscapularis, elevator scapulae, and sternocleidomastoid. Weak - Serrates anterior, rhomboids, mid/lower trapezius and deep cervical flexors, infraspinatus.

Question 21

Movement Observations

Answer 21

Dynamic postural observations (looking at movement) are often the quickest way to gain an overall impression of a client’s functional status. Should relate to basic functions such as squatting, pushing, pulling and balancing. Can also be incorporated as a first workout for your client.

Question 22

Overhead Squat Assessment

Answer 22

Designed to assess dynamic flexibility on both sides of the body as well as integrated total body strength. Starting Position - Client stands with feet shoulder-width apart and pointed straight ahead. The foot and ankle complex should be in neutral position. Have client raise his or her arms overhead, with elbow fully extended. The upper arm should bisect the ears.

Question 23

Overhead Squat Assessment

Answer 23

Movement - Instruct the client to assume a comfortable, controllable squat position. Have the client repeat the movement. Views - Anterior: Foot - turns out. Knees - move inward or outward. Lateral: Lumbo-pelvic-hip complex - excessive forward lean and low back arches. Shoulder complex - Arms fall forward.

Question 24

Overhead Solutions Table

Answer 24

REFER TO TEXT

Question 25

Single-Leg Squat Assessment

Answer 25

Designed to assess ankle proprioception, core strength, and hip joint stability. Starting Position - client should stand, place hands on the waist, and focus on an object straight ahead. The Feet should be pointed straight and the foot, ankle, knee, and limbo-pelvic-hip complex should be in a neutral position.

Question 26

Single-Leg Squat Assessment

Answer 26

Movement - Instruct the client to raise one leg and accept weight with opposite side (stance leg). The foot of the lifted leg should be positioned next to the stance leg. Once the single-leg stance is achieved, progress the single-leg squat movement. Have the client repeat the movement. Perform up to five repetitions before switching sides. Views - Anterior - knee moves forward.

Question 27

Pushing Assessment

Answer 27

Position - Instruct the client to draw abdomen in, feet shoulder width, and toes pointing forward. Movement - Instruct the client to press handles forward and return slowly. Perform up to 20 repetitions. Limbo-pelvic-hip complex - limbo spine arches, Shoulder complex - shoulders elevate, Head - head protrudes forward while pushing.

Question 28

Pulling Assessment

Answer 28

Position - Instruct the client to draw abdomen in, feet shoulder width, and toes pointing forward. Movement - instruct the client to pull handles toward body and return slowly. Perform up to 20 repetitions. Lumbo-pelvic-hip complex - lumbar spine arches, Shoulder complex - shoulder elevates, Head - head protrudes forward while pulling.

Question 29

Push/Pull Solutions

Answer 29

REFER TO TEXT

Question 30

Performance Assessments

Answer 30

Can be used for clients trying to improve athletic performance. Basic performance assessments include: Davies Test, Shark Skill Test, Bench Press Strength Assessment, Squat Assessment, and Leg Press Strength Assessment.

Question 31

Davies Test

Answer 31

Designed to assess upper extremity agility and stabilization. May not be suitable for individuals who lack shoulder stability.

Question 32

Shark Skill Test

Answer 32

Designed to assess lower extremity agility and neuromuscular control. Should be viewed as a progression from the single-leg squat. May not be suitable for all individuals.

Question 33

Bench Press Strength Assessment

Answer 33

Designed to estimate the one-rep maximum, for training intensity purposes. Advanced assessments (for strength-specific goals). May not be suitable for many clients.

Question 34

Leg Press Strength Assessment

Answer 34

Designed to estimate the one-rep leg press maximum, for training intensity purposes. Advanced assessments (for strength-specific goals). May not be suitable for many clients.