Domain 2 & 3: word analysis and fluency Flashcards
phonological awareness
The understanding that oral English is made up of smaller units
phonemic awareness
The ability to distinguish individual sounds in a word
phonics
The knowledge of letter-to-sound correspondence
How to teach phonemic awareness
a. sound isolation
b. sound blending
c. sound segmentation
How to teach sound isolation for phonemic awareness
Teacher says the sounds of a word with brief pauses between each sound and asks student, which word is it /b/, /a/, /t/
How to teach sound blending for phonemic awareness
Teacher says the sounds of a word with brief pauses between each sound and asks student, which word is it /b/, /a/, /t/
How to teach sound segmentation for phonemic awareness
Teacher says a word and asks the student to segment, or break up the word through its sounds
-student says bat, student says /b/, /a/, /t/
How to assess phonological awareness
start with sound segmentation. If sound segmentation is difficult, move backward to sound blending. If thats difficult move back to sound isolation
Yopp-singer test
Formal test that tests phonemic segmentation. 22 words read aloud, students states sounds in each
How to differentiate phonemic awareness instruction for struggling readers
focus on key skills using sound blending and sound segmentation
How to differentiate phonemic awareness instruction for English Learners
Teach phonemes that do not exist in ELs first language
How to differentiate phonemic awareness instruction for advanced learners?
increase pace of instruction and build on current skills
what are the 4 concepts about print?
a. print carries meaning
b. letter, word, and sentence representation
c. directionality- ability to track print
d. book-handling skills
How to teach concept about print
shared book experience
shared book experience
- Teacher uses Big Book and starts introducing the cover, authors name, title, title page, and other aspects of the book
- Teacher reads story will full dramatic punch. Teacher pauses for predictions
- Teacher and students have a discussion about the book, sharing their favorite parts
- Story is reread at a later time, where students can reenact parts of the story
how to asses concept about print
a. Teacher picks a picture book and has a pencil and paper for student
b. Teacher asks student questions like, “can you show me where I should start reading?”
c. Teacher ask students to point to the words as the teacher reads them to assess directionality
d. To asses word boundaries, the teacher covers up all lines, except one, and asks students, “how many words are on the line?”
how to differentiate concepts about print instruction for struggling readers?
use tactile and kinesthetic methods, such as using letter tiles to help tell the difference between letter and a word
how to differentiate concepts about print instruction for English learners?
use knowledge from students L1 to transfer skills to english instruction
how to differentiate concepts about print instruction for advanced learners?
Increase the pace of instruction and/or build on and extend current knowledge and skills
letter recognition
The ability for a student to identify uppercase and lowercase letters when a teacher says the name of the letter
letter naming
The ability for a student to say the name of a letter when the teacher points
letter formation
also called letter production, the ability for a student to writhe uppercase and lowercase letters legibly
alphabetic principle
The understanding that in English, letters represent sounds
What is the importance of letter recognition in reading development?
Letters are the building block of printed language, and students must be able to identify letters in order to succeed in later reading instruction, such as phonics
How to teach Letter Recognition?
- Direct instruction, tactile & kinesthetic
2. kids using modeling clay
How to Assess Letter Recognition
- Teacher has a list of all 26 letters
2. Teacher orally asks students to “point to big f” and student points
How to differentiate instruction for letter recognition for struggling readers?
Use tactile and kinesthetic methods, such as having the child write letters with bare finger on desktop or in sand
How to differentiate instruction for letter recognition for English Learners?
Use knowledge from students L1 to transfer skills to english instruction
Describe phonics
The instruction to teach children the correct sound-symbol correspondence in English language
The importance of phonics for reading development?
knowledge of phonics aids students with more smooth and accurate word identification, which increases reading fluency that helps reading comprehension
Which words are taught as sight words?
High-Frequency, Irregular Spelling
How to teach phonics
with whole-to-part instruction
whole-to-part instruction
a technique fostering early literacy development using a reading or whole text, and then breaking it down into parts (sentence, words, letters, and sounds).
i.e. knowing a song or chant, then diving into it when they know the entire song, and distinguishing the whole part.
How to teach whole-to-part instruction
a. Teacher writes sentences on board, each having a common element underlined
b. Teacher and student reads each sentence aloud
c. Teacher read aloud the underlined word
d. Teacher circle the target word, snd student makes the sound of the target word
e. Teacher and student repeat with next sentences
How to differentiate instruction for phonics instruction for struggling readers?
How to differentiate instruction for phonics instruction for struggling readers?
How to differentiate instruction for phonics instruction for English learners?
Use transferrable knowledge from L1, and explicitly teach sounds and meaning that do not transfer
How to differentiate instruction for phonics instruction for advanced learners?
Increase the pace and/or complexity of instruction, and build on existing knowledge and skills
syllabic analysis
students decode a word using their knowledge of a root word in combination with the words affix (prefix and suffix)
structural analysis
students decode a word using their knowledge of syllables in a word
How to teach structural analysis
a. use whole-to-part method to teach root words and affixes
b. teacher write sentences on board with target words underlined
c. Teacher and students read sentences, and student circles root word or affix
how to asses structural analysis in isolation?
Teacher gives traditional spelling test
how to assess structural analysis in context?
Teacher use student writing passage and notes patterns of error
How to differentiate instruction for structural analysis for struggling readers and english learners?
Teach key skills and how to spell and pronounce common affixes and root words
How to differentiate instruction for structural analysis for advanced learners?
Increase pace of instruction and build on existing skills
orthography
the ability to spell words correctly
How to teach orthography?
a. use multisensory instruction
b. students write target words multiple times using different colors
How to assess orthography in isolation?
Teacher gives traditional spelling test
How to assess orthography in context?
Teacher uses writing passages and notes patterns of error
How to differentiate instruction of orthography for struggling readers?
focus on most important spelling skills and patterns that students see often–. use tactile approaches
How to differentiate instruction of orthography for english learners?
explicitly teach learners English roots and affixes
How to differentiate instruction of orthography for advanced learners?
increase the pace of instruction and build onto existing skills
what are the 3 key aspects of reading fluency?
accuracy, rate and prosody
automaticity theory
is the ability of a student to decode words and understand the meaning of a text that has been read
fluency instruction
the ability to read with accuracy, proper rate and prosody
How to teach fluency
Monitored Oral Reading
a. teacher models
b. students practice
c. teacher gives feedback
monitored oral reading
how to assess fluency
Use an oral reading fluency test, count the words read per minute
how to differentiate fluency instruction for struggling readers
a. use texts at students’ independent reading level
b. improve accuracy through word identification instruction
c. focus on sight word recognition
d. improve rate through additional reading practice
how to differentiate fluency instruction for English Learners
teach tonal patterns and rhythms of English using echo reading
how to differentiate fluency for advanced learners
a. increase the pace of instruction
b. use more advanced texts
How to teach accuracy
- build automatic word identification skills
2. use phonemic awareness, phonics, and sight word recognition
how to assess accuracy?
- use running records and identify patterns in students miscues
- use an oral reading fluency test to count the words read per minute
how to teach rate during fluency
- use whisper reading
- students read aloud in a whisper voice
- teacher walks around, listens, and gives feedback
how to assess rate
use timed reading
how to teach prosody in reading fluency
use phrase-cued reading
how to assess prosody
the teacher listens to the student read aloud while listening for miscue patterns in prosody
what is the main cause for reading fluency
weak work analysis
